Liet al.,Science 376 , eabi9591 (2022) 15 April 2022 4 of 13
Unstim.Gated on CD4+ T cells +250 μg/ml Deamidated GlutenTetramerCD3No CD8 + KIR− CD8 + KIR+ CD8APre-EnrichedPost-EnrichedLive/Dead
Annexin V+250 μg/ml Deamidated GlutenNo CD8 + KIR− CD8 + KIR+ CD8B Gated on tetramer+CD4+ T cellsCDEUnstim.No CD8KIRCD8
KIR+CD805001000150020002500Tetramer+ cellsper 1106 CD+ 4
T+250 μg/ml
Deamidated GlutenUnstim.No CD8KIR
CD8
KIR+CD8KIR+CD8 in transwell01000200030004000Gliadin-specific T cells per 1106 CD4 T cellsUnstim.No CD8KIRCD8
KIR+CD8Unstim. KIR+CD801000200030004000Gliadin-specific Tcellsper 1106 CD4 T cellsNo CD8KIRCD8
KIR+CD801020304050AnnexinV
+ livecellsingliadin-specific CD4+ T cells (%)Unstim.No CD8KIR
CD8KIR+CD8+isotypeKIR+CD8+anti-HLA-A,B,CKIR+CD8+anti-HLA-E01000200030004000Gliadin-specificT
cellsper 1106 CD4TcellsFig. 2. Elimination of gliadin-specific CD4+T cells by KIR+CD8+T cells.
(A) Representative contour plots showing tetramer-bound CD4+T cells before
and after enrichment and summary of the number of gliadin-specific CD4+T cells
per 1 × 10^6 CD4+T cells on day 6. Experiments were repeated using PBMCs
from 11 CeD patients. P< 0.01; **P< 0.001; Friedman test followed by multiple
comparisons test. Unstim., unstimulated. (B) Representative contour plots and a
summary graph displaying annexin V binding of gliadin-specific CD4+T cells
from the culture harvested on day 3 (N= 6). P< 0.05; P< 0.01; Friedman
test followed by multiple comparisons test. (C) Frequency of gliadin-specific
CD4+T cells from the cell cultures in the presence or absence of KIR–or
KIR+CD8+T cells or with KIR+CD8+T cells separated by a 4-mm insert in a
transwell plate (N= 6). *P< 0.05; **P< 0.01; Friedman test followed by multiple
comparisons test. (D) Frequency of gliadin-specific CD4+T cells from the
PBMC cultures in the presence or absence of KIR–or KIR+CD8+T cells with
or without preactivation (N= 8). **P< 0.01; ***P< 0.001; Friedman test
followed by multiple comparisons test. (E) Frequency of gliadin-specific CD4+
T cells from the PBMC cultures in the presence or absence of preactivated
KIR–or KIR+CD8+T cells with isotype control, anti–HLA-ABC, or anti–HLA-E
blockade (N= 9). *P< 0.05; **P< 0.01; ***P< 0.001; ****P< 0.0001;
Friedman test followed by multiple comparisons test.RESEARCH | RESEARCH ARTICLE