62 Finance & economics The Economist April 16th 2022
China. These systems aim to drive efficien
cy within the steel, pharmaceuticals and
chemicals industries. Baosight recently
completed work for a state steel group in
what was considered the largest, most
complex integration project of its kind. Its
market capitalisation has risen three times
over since 2018, to 62bn yuan ($9.7bn).
Sangfor Technologies, a private net
worksecurity and data group based in
Shenzhen, is helping the government
build advanced bigdata platforms. Sup
con, also privately controlled, builds net
work ecosystems for stateowned firms.
A small but growing number of interna
tional investors has cottoned on to these
companies. Their thinking could not be
more different from the past generation of
techwatchers. Companies such as Alibaba
attracted funding as investors bet that only
the private sector could provide the dizzy
ing array of online shopping and financial
services that would in turn support hefty
valuations for a few big platforms.
Soft tech, hard line
That thesis has been dealt a heavy blow.
The government believes the consumer
internet craze widened inequality. Compa
nies’ market dominance allowed them to
manipulate pricing while hoovering up
unregulated personal data. Their clout also
dwarfed the influence the Party had over
the digital economy. These imbalances
have been “rectified”, as officials say, by
sweeping regulatory crackdowns.
The state not only succeeded in knock
ing techmarket valuations by more than
$2trn in the span of about a year. It has
pushed the giants into submission and de
cline. Many executives, such as Richard Liu
of jd.com, have stepped down. Companies
are laying off workers; few are pursuing
capitalintensive acquisitions.
For the new champions to achieve
scale, they will need to be globally compet
itive and gain market share in developed
economies. Huawei was on this road be
fore it was knocked back by America. Mr Xi
wants China to produce its own hardtech
companies in order to become more self
sufficient from the hostile West. But even
if this new phalanx of statebacked tech
companies is less reliant on foreign inputs
than Huawei, it can still be barred from for
eign markets, denying it the business
needed to grow to sufficient size.
How China’s new boom is funded has
become a vexing question for venture cap
italists eager to find the next Alibaba but
wary of running afoul of government poli
cy. Mr Xi is now six years into a reordering
of capital and financial markets. China’s
58trnyuan shadowbanking market was
first targeted in earnest in 2017. A three
year, $450bn wave of speculative out
bound investment, driven by flamboyant
tycoons, was subdued the same year.
Meanwhile property developers were cut
off from the supply of credit that financed a
20year frenzy.
In 2021 senior officials began referring
to the enemy by name: a “disorderly expan
sion of capital” that has recklessly pursued
high returns at the expense of the common
good. Hundreds of officials and business
men have been taken down in recent years
on corruption charges but only recently
have some been accused of being “influ
enced by capital”. Zhou Jiangyong, a for
mer Party secretary of Hangzhou, the
prosperous eastern city that is home to Ali
baba, is being investigated for such crimes.
He has also been linked by local media to
companies affiliated with Alibaba.
Mr Xi is already offering up a plan for an
“orderly development of capital”. He perso
nally oversaw the launch of a new stock ex
change in Beijing in 2021 that is focused on
channelling investments to small tech
groups. State funds are raising ever more
cash and investing in private tech firms.
The “little giants’‘ programme, launched
by the Ministry of Industry and Internet
Technology, is handpicking thousands of
firms that will be granted tax incentives
and public funding. According to Bloom
berg, China plans to spend some $2.3trn
this year on new projects, many of which
will be focused on hightech manufactur
ing and technology development.
Han Wenxiu, a leading economic advis
er, recently said the crackdown on disor
derly capital is not about turning it away.
Instead it is about capital following the
Party’s lead. This is already starting to hap
pen. Privateequity (pe) investments in
consumer techcollapsed last year, for in
stance, while investments in microchips
and software soared to new highs.
Today the tech investors eyeing compa
nies such as Sangfor and Supcon rely on
policy and the amount of statelinked
business to assess whether they have pro
mise. Analysts at investment banks often
cite a company’s inclusion in a large gov
ernment project as a strong “buy” signal,
and avoid anything that runs counter to
the state’s message. “Every time we look at
a sector, investors are asking us if this area
is going to be seen as promoting inequali
ty,” says Kiki Yang of Bain, a consultancy.
Many venturecapital (vc) firms in Chi
na are finding fewer constraints on their
investments as long as they focus on the
areas in the party’s good graces—the hard
tech and cleanenergy companies that are
cropping up at rapid pace. vcinvestments
in clean energy surged in 2021 to about
$8.7bn, up from $5.6bn in 2020, according
to PitchBook, a research firm. A growing
number of private investors hopes to in
vest alongside state funds, or to find start
ups that have already taken state money,
says one investor. A green light from the
state is now a powerful market signal.
Many of the imbalances in the Chinese
economy—the targets of Mr Xi’s attacks—
arose or worsened on his watch. The tech
tycoons largely made their billions over
the past decade. Mr Xi oversaw one of the
largest accumulations of propertysector
debt in the world. His administration re
laxed controls that allowed for a wave of
speculative overseas buying. Mr Xi’s regu
latory crackdown was in many ways an at
tempt to correct market distortions caused
by his own policy failures.
Some experienced global investors
worry the cycle of errors and corrections
will repeat. Few have been able to swallow
the talk of a “disorderly expansion of capi
tal”. Only through the introduction of mar
ket forces and foreign capital did China
build an advanced, modern state. Its
worldclass tech scene has been nurtured
by global vc and pefunds. For Mr Xi and his
team of technocrats to turn their back on
this, says one big investor, shows they have
not learned from the past 40 years.That
they believe they are ready to do thejobof
the market sends all the wrong signals.n