s AM B IJN G MA C AN ( 8 hh1 B UN G hl AC AN ; A L S 0 P 0 L 0 Y 0 ) 473
calvaria (Locality 2) entirely lacks geological con-
trols, having been spirited out of Java shortly after its
discovery, and only returned from New York in 1999
when its general provenance was recognized (Mar-
quez et al., 2001). Dating of this specimen is entirely
hypothetical at this juncture, but a guess of ca. 200
Ka provides a starting point.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
No lithics were reported with the original SM 1 find,
but Jacob et al. (1978) subsequently noted the discov-
ery of two stone tools in a gravel layer immediately
overlying the fossiliferous horizon. Both are rather
crude implements on andesite cobbles; one is a re-
touched core chopper and the other a retouched flake.
SM 3 is entirely without context.
PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES
Jacob (1982) concluded that of all other Javanese ho-
minids SM 1 lay closest to the Ngandong fossils, and
he included both in Pithecanthropus soloensis. Orchis-
ton and Siesser’s (1982) evaluation was similar, al-
though with an attribution to Homo erectus soloensis.
While Day (1986) would agree with these earlier au-
thors as to morphology, he would allocate both
forms to Homo sapiens. Wolpoff (1992) sees SM 1 as
intermediate between the Sangiran and Ngandong
hominids, with this lineage giving rise to modern
Australasians. Marquez et al. (2001) and Delson
et al. (2001) broadly agree in seeing SM 3 as closest
morphologically to the Ngandong calvariae; but
while Delson et al. would unhesitatingly classify the
specimen as Homo erectus, Marquez et al. emphasize
differences from classical Sangiran Homo erectus.
Both sets of authors see similarities between SM 1
and SM 3. Holloway (2000) quotes a cranial capacity
of 1035 ml for SM1; Broadfield et al. (2001) give
917.5 ml for SM 3.
MORPHOLOGY
Sambungmacan 1
Calotte lacking L supraorbital region and alisphenoid,
facial skeleton and most of basicranium. Internal
detail obscured by matrix. Externally bone cracked
and weathered. Sutures not visible.
Cranial profile relatively short and highly domed.
Frontal rises quite sharply right behind supraorbital
region, then curves more gently posteriorly. Profileflattens out at bregma, then descends in quite steep
curve from point above mastoid region. At about same
level as supraorbital region (in Frankfurt plane) is a
slight bulge in occipital profile (probably originally
accentuated by shallow sulcus above, replaced now
by area of indentation due to crushing). Below bulge,
bone descends more or less vertically, becoming poste-
riorly moderately distended again into a “torus” just
above junction between occipital and nuchal planes.
Nuchal plane relatively flat; undercuts occipital torus
thus formed; is angled downward at about 45 degrees.
Viewed from above, skull broad at rear, tapering only
gently forward; postorbital constriction long and quite
shallow. Viewed from behind, cranium less tent
shaped than smoothly curved across top. No sign of
keeling except for very slight bulge forward on frontal.
Greatest breadth of braincase across supramastoid
crests.
Only R supraorbital preserved, lateral to glabella
but as far as zygomaticofrontal suture. In profile,
supraorbital torus flat above, almost horizontally ori-
ented. Viewed from front, supraorbital torus angles
slightly down and out superiorly, whereas superior
margin of orbit is smoothly convex (thus supraorbital
torus slightly thinner s/i in middle than laterally or
medially). Supraorbital margin thickest laterally where
temporal line emerges from behind. Glabella lacking.
Frontal sinuses would have extended laterally to al-
isphenoid. Judging from breakage on the L, frontal
sinuses probably did not pervade anteriorly into lateral
portion of supraorbital torus. Also, sinuses apparently
did not extend more than halfway up frontal rise. Or-
bital roof slightly convex behind supraorbital margin;
flows smoothly onto anterior surface of torus. Torus
then arcs somewhat strongly up and back.
As seen on the R, scar of anterior part of temporal
line rises vertically up posterior part of zygomatic
process of frontal, then curves back sharply to fade out
rapidly. Emerging above temporal line at superior
surface of supraorbital torus is a larger, more bluntly
protrusive ridge; ridge is continuous with a more pro-
nounced temporal line that continues posteriorly to fade
out above region of asterion. Just medial to temporal
line, starting above region of asterion, another blunt
ridge runs down to where lambdoid suture would have
been (on both sides). Medial to point where temporal
line continuation runs into lambdoid suture (on both
sides), is a marked and quite expansive depression. Tem-
poral ridgeshes form margins of slightly bulging
lateral cranial walls. On both sides, lines of squamous