548 ASIA, EASTERN ,\ND CENTRAL
greater wing of sphenoid is high relative to supraorbital
torus.
Internally, frontal lobes extended anteriorly along
medial side of orbital cones and did not extend fully
above them. Inner surface of cranial vault markedly
corrugated. Frontal crest very long and well developed.
As seen through break on the R, frontal sinus did not
extend laterally beyond region of supraorbital notch
and did not extend back into posttoral region. Evi-
dence of a faint anterior branch of middle meningeal
artery far forward on frontal.
PA I09 (2) Occipital. Parietal portion quite thin;
nuchal portion very thick. Specimen slightly darker
in color than frontal (thus, probably not from same
individual); no convincing contact between the two
specimens.
Holding specimen with R occipital lobe pointing
down, internal occipital crest faces posteriorly and is ori-
ented vertically; parietomastoid suture is also essentially
horizontal. In this position, profile of parietal descends
fairly steeply to occipital bone. As parietal reaches oc-
cipital, bone flattens out in profile and then curves gen-
tly downward to superior margin of a s/i tall but flat
“torus,” defined by a slight depression above and marked
undercutting below. Below “torus,” muscle markings are
very faint, with nuchal plane angling markedly forward.
Cerebellar pole does not distend external surface of oc-
cipital. In region above asterion, parietal swells out
markedly. Bone of the long parietomastoid suture is
thickest below this swelling.
Internally, sagittal sinus is not well defined. Impres-
sion of R occipital lobe was probably deeper than L. R
transverse sinus originates above a massive, flat internal
occipital protuberance, and runs slightly downward and
laterally to the parietomastoid suture (suggesting that
sigmoid sinus was confined to temporal region and
probably did not cut across margin of parietal). L trans-
verse sinus took origin lower down than R. Posterior
branch of middle meningeal artery came off very poste-
riorly and stayed within parietal bone.
G-2-1 Mandible. Quite weathered; in color, it is
more like occipital than frontal bone. LM2, I2 and 11,
and RI1-C and P2-M2 present and very worn. M3s
had never erupted. Roots of LC-M1 also preserved.
Quite lightly built mandible.
In profile, symphysis is straight and angled back and
down. In front view, the totally featureless symphyseal
region is moderately arced from side to side. Strongly
divergent corpora are uniformly tall from front to backand fairly narrow m/l. On the R, twin mental foramina
(one large, one medium) lie below the region of the
missing P1. On the L, at least four small foramina are
scattered below premolar region. As seen on the R, ra-
mus takes origin distal to M2. Bone of gonial region
thin m/l; bears modest muscle scars externally. Internal
gonial surface too weathered to interpret; gonial margin
was probably everted. Internally, postincisal slope long;
runs obliquely to just over midway down symphysis,
where the shallow genial fossa lies. Below fossa is a
short, thin, vertical midline crest. Digastric fossae shal-
low, short a/p, narrow m/l, and separated in midline by
a noticeable distension of the inferior margin of
mandible. Submandibular fossae at best moderately ex-
cavated and not surmounted by mylohyoid line. Inter-
nally, as seen on the R, a low, slightly pointed lingula lies
well above the relatively small, compressed, ovoid, up-
wardly directed mandibular foramen. Internal alveolar
crest swings out behind M2 and flows into a stout crest
that would have run down from the coronoid process.
Roots of very heavily worn anterior teeth are nar-
rowly ovoid; curve up and back in profile. Apparently
root of 12s was larger than on 11s. On RC was a large
distal margocristid and a much smaller mesial one.
Cheek teeth very worn. As seen on the L, P1 and 2
were single rooted, and P1 was compressed lingually.
As seen on the R, M1 has mesial and distal roots; M2
root apparently C shaped. Mls were probably longer
m/d than M2s, but M2s were wider mesially due to
presence of a large protostylid. M2s also taper strongly
to rounded distal margins.Casts in the American Museum of Natural HistoryCrania and Cranial Fragments. There is one rea-
sonably complete but somewhat reconstructed calvaria
(Skull I, Locus E, referred to as I/E), for which only
external morphology is represented. In addition, there
are three reassembled casts (Skulls I and 11, Locus L, and
individual D1-referred to here as YE, IVL, and D1,
respectively) that show some internal morphology; two
specimens (Skull I11 Locus L and Skull I11 Locus E,
referred to as III/L and III/E) also exist in disarticulated
form. There are also several partial mandibles and facial
fragments. All crania are calvariae, lacking the skull base
and most of the face. All are very similar to each other;
and the basic description below is based on II/L, with
differences from other specimens noted.
II/L moderately large, very long, and quite low. In
profile the short, vertical frontal arises well behind the