HUMAN BIOLOGY

Figure 15.1 Animated! This diagram gives an overview of major hormone-secreting organs and their primary endocrine functions.

closer view of the

hypothalamus and

pituitary gland

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

Testes (one pair of male gonads)

Make and secrete testosterone and

other androgens (affect primary sex

organs and influence secondary sexual

traits).

Pancreas

Ovaries (one pair of female gonads)

Make and secrete progesterone and

estrogens (affect primary sex organs

and influence secondary sexual traits).

Adrenal glands (one pair)

Adrenal cortex makes and secretes

cortisol (affects metabolism, immune

response), aldosterone (acts in kid-

neys), small amount of sex hormones.

Adrenal medulla makes and secretes

norepinephrine and epinephrine, which

prepare body for exciting or dangerous

situations.

Pituitary gland

Anterior lobe makes and secretes

ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH (stimulate secre-

tion by other endocrine glands), pro-

lactin (acts on mammary glands), and

growth hormone (affects overall growth).

Posterior lobe secretes antidiuretic hor-

mone (acts on kidneys) and oxytocin

(acts on uterus and mammary glands).

Both are made in hypothalamus.

Hypothalamus

Makes and secretes releasers and

inhibitors, hormones that act in the

anterior lobe of the pituitary.

Also makes antidiuretic hormone and

oxytocin, which are stored in and

released from the posterior lobe of

the pituitary.

Pineal gland

Makes and secretes melatonin

(affects sleep/wake cycles, onset

of puberty).

Parathyroid glands (four)

Make and secrete parathyroid

hormone (raises blood

calcium level).

yroid gland

Makes and secretes thyroid

hormone (metabolic and

developmental effects) and

calcitonin (lowers blood calcium).

Islets make and secrete insulin

(lowers blood glucose level)

and glucagon (raises blood

glucose level).

ymus gland

Makes and secretes thymosins

(act in maturation of T cells, a

type of white blood cell).

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the endOCrIne system 287

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