expLoreon your own
This Student Stress Scale lists a variety of life events that cause stress for young adults. The score for each event
represents its relative impact on stress-related physiological responses. In general, people who score 300 points or more have the
highest stress-related health risk. A score of 150–300 points indicates a moderate (50–50) stress-related health risk. A score below
150 indicates the lowest stress-related health risk, about a one in three chance of a significant, negative change in health status.
Although this test is only a general measure of stress, it can help you decide if you can benefit from adding to or improving your
stress management activities, such as getting exercise, including some “down time” in your daily schedule, or seeking counseling.Event Points
Death of a close family member 100 ___
Death of a close friend 73 ___
Parents’ divorce 65 ___
Jail term 63 ___
Major personal injury or illness 63 ___
Marriage 58 ___
Being fired from a job 50 ___
Failing an important course 47 ___
Change in health of family member 45 ___
Pregnancy (or causing one) 45 ___
Sex problems 44 ___
Serious argument with close friend 40 ___
Change in financial status 39 ___
Change of major 39 ___
Trouble with parents 39 ___
New romantic interest 38 ___
Increased workload at school 37 ___
Outstanding personal achievement 36 ___summary
section 15.1 Hormones are produced
by cells and glands of the endocrine system.
They move through the bloodstream to
distant target cells.
Other signaling molecules include
neurotransmitters and local signaling mole-
cules such as prostaglandins. All are chemicals released in
small amounts by one cell and adjust the behavior of other
target cells. Any cell with receptors for the signal is the target.
Hormones may interact in opposition, synergistically (in
cooperation), or permissively (a target cell must first be primed
by one hormone in order to respond to a second one).
section 15.2 Steroid and nonsteroid
hormones act on target cells by different
mechanisms.
Receptors for steroid (and thyroid)
hormones are inside target cells. A hormone–
receptor complex binds to DNA. Binding activates genes and
protein-making processes.
Amine, peptide, and protein hormones interact with
receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells. Often a
second messenger, such as cyclic AMP, carries their signals
inside the cell.Most nonsteroid hormones alter the activity of target cell
proteins. The resulting target cell responses help maintain
homeostasis in extra cellular fluid or contribute to normal
development or reproductive functioning.
sections 15.3, 15.4 The hypothalamus
and pituitary gland interact to integrate many
body activities.
ADH and oxytocin from the hypothalamus
are stored in and released from the posterior
lobe of the pituitary. ADH influences fluid
volume. Oxytocin affects reproductive func-
tions such as lactation and labor.
Additional hypothalamic hormones are releasers or
inhibitors of hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland.
Of the six hormones produced in the anterior lobe, two
(prolactin and growth hormone) have widespread effects on
body cells. Four (ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH) act on specific
endocrine glands.
Hormones are released by a wide variety of organs, tissues,
and cells. They typically regulate events that occur over an
extended period, such as bodily growth.First quarter/semester in college 35 ___
Change in living situation 31 ___
Serious argument with instructor 30 ___
Lower grades than expected 29 ___
Change in sleeping habits 29 ___
Change in social activities 29 ___
Change in eating habits 28 ___
Chronic car trouble 26 ___
Change in number of family
get-togethers 26 ___
Too many missed classes 25 ___
Change of college 24 ___
Dropping more than one class 23 ___
Minor traffic violations 20 ___Total _________Adapted from the Holmes and Rahe Life Event Scale.302 Chapter 15Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).