I-2 Index
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
287f, 290t, 291, 291f, 296, 297f
Adulthood, as development stage,
347, 347t
AED (automated external
defibrillator), 136, 136f
n Aerobic exercise, 66, 116, 116f. See
also Exercise
Aerobic respiration, 60–62, 60f–62f
ATP yield of, 62
and carbon cycle, 466, 466f–467f
in muscle cells, 112, 112f
Afferent arteriole, 227, 227f, 228,
231, 231f
Afferent nerves, 248, 248f
Afferent neuron, 266
Aflatoxin, 429
Africa
n and global warming, 479
human origins in, 452–453, 453f
malaria and, 152
African Americans
n asthma risk in, 189
n birth defect risk in, 344
n and cardiovascular disorders, 129t
n and sickle-cell anemia, 379
Afterbirth, 342, 342f
Age structure (of population), 473, 473f
Agglutination, 146–147, 147f
Aging (senescence)
n Alzheimer’s disease and, 258,
349, 349f
basal metabolic rate and, 217, 349
brain and, 349, 349f
n and cancer risk, 429
cardiovascular system and, 134,
135t, 348–349
of cloned animals, 421
definition of, 348
as development stage, 347, 347t
endocrine system and, 349
n exercise combating effects of, 348
n and eye disorders, 281
health impacts of, 129t, 348–349,
348t, 349f
and hearing, 275, 349
heart and, 348–349
n and heart attacks, 121
kidney function and, 238, 348f, 348t
life span, genetic programming
of, 348
muscle health and, 116, 348, 348t
respiratory system and, 189, 348, 348t
and risk of chromosome
nondisjunction, 398
sensory system and, 349
skeletal system and, 98, 99, 348
skin and, 348
vitamins and, 214–215
Agranulocytes, 143. See also White
blood cells
n Agriculture
n chemicals used in, 37, 37f, 482 (See
also Pesticides)
n climate change and, 479
n green revolution, 472, 472f, 482
n and land use, 482, 482f
n runoff from, 480
n and water use, 480, 480f, 482
n AID (artificial insemination by
donor), 318
n AIDS (acquired immune deficiency
syndrome), 171, 172, 172f, 321t,
322t. See also HIV
n Airline travel
and deep-vein thrombosis, 140
and ear-popping, 272
and jet lag, 300
n Air pollution, 188, 192, 192f, 476–477,
476f, 477f, 481, 484
Air sacs. See Alveolus
Airways, 181f
n ALB (albumin) blood test, 149t
n Albinism, 383, 401t
Albumin, 35, 35f, 142, 142f, 203
Alcohol
absorption across stomach wall, 200
n binge drinking, 41
n birth defects caused by, 345, 345f
and blood–brain barrier, 253
n and cancer risk, 435
crossing of placenta by, 337
drug interactions, 260
effects of, 260, 260f
n health impact of, 41, 136, 234
n and heart function, 135
n and liver cirrhosis, 41, 208, 208f
metabolic processing of, 51, 203
n and ulcers, 210
n and unsafe sex, 323
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 458
n Alcoholism, 381, 382
Aldehyde group, 26f, 28
Aldosterone, 230f, 231, 231f, 238, 287f,
288t, 292t, 296
Ali, Muhammad, 258f
Alkaline fluids, 24
Alkalinity, 24. See also Bases; pH
n Alkalosis, 25
metabolic, 232
n Alkaptonuria, 406
Allantois, 336, 341f
Alleles
codominance, 379, 379f
expression of, 301, 378–379, 378f, 379f,
380–381, 380f, 381f, 389, 389f
n and genetic disorders, 390–395,
390f–395f, 417
independent assortment of, 376–377,
377f, 386
multiple allele systems, 379, 380–381
penetrance, 380pleiotropy and, 378–379
probability calculations for, 376–377,
376f, 377f
SNPs and, 416
variable, 380, 380f
variations in, and evolution, 441, 442
n in X-linked disorders, 394–395,
394f, 395f
Allergens, 170, 170f, 189
n Allergen-specific IgE test, 149t
n Allergic responses/allergies, 157,
165, 165t, 170–171, 170f, 174,
188f, 280, 391
n Allergy desensitization
treatments, 170
Alpha cells, 298, 298f
Alpha-linoleic acid, 212t
Alpha waves (sleep stage), 256f
n ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis),
416–417, 417f
Altitude
n and blood composition, 149
n and breathing, 181, 181f
Alveolar duct, 178f
Alveolar sac, 178f
Alveolus (alveoli), 178f, 179, 180, 182,
183, 184, 184f, 185, 185f, 186f,
187, 189, 348
n Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 120, 258,
259, 349, 349f, 352, 416, 417f
Amacrine cells, 279, 279f
n Amazon, deforestation in, 483, 483f
n Amelogenesis imperfecta, 395, 395f
Amenorrhea
n in anorexia nervosa, 218
during pregnancy, 333
n tumors and, 328
American Cancer Society, 324, 325f,
430, 433, 433t, 435
American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 6–7
American Red Cross, 151
Ames, Bruce (Ames test), 430
Amine functional group, 26, 26f
Amine hormones, 288, 288t
Amino acids
absorption in small intestine,
204, 205f
in blood plasma, 142, 142f, 145
defined, 32
digestive processing of, 203, 204,
205f, 205t, 213, 225
essential, 213, 213f
functional groups in, 26f
liver processing, 203
and origin of life, 454
in polypeptide chains, 32–33, 32f, 33f
in proteins, 32–33, 32f, 33f, 34, 410,
410f, 411, 411f, 448, 448f
in protein synthesis, 407, 407f, 410,
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