I-50 Index
mitral, 124, 124f
pulmonary, 124, 124f, 125
semilunar, 124–125, 126
tricuspid, 124, 124f
in veins, 130f, 131, 131f
Vampire legends, biological basis
of, 86
Variable expression, of genes, 380–381,
380f, 381f
Variables, in scientific research, 7
Variation, continuous, 380, 381f
n Varicella (chicken pox)
vaccination, 168t
Varicocele, 318f
n Varicose veins, 131
n Vasclip, 316
Vascular tunic, 276t
Vas deferens (vas deferentia),
310f, 310t, 311, 312f, 314,
316, 317f, 321
n Vasectomy, 316, 316t, 317f
Vasoconstriction, 82f, 83, 83t, 130, 131,
140, 187
Vasodilation, 82–83, 82f, 83t, 130, 131,
187, 314
Vasopressin, 290t, 291. See also
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
n Vectors, disease, 11, 136, 136f, 152,
173, 474, 487
n Vectors, in gene therapy,
418–419, 418f
n Vegetable(s), nutritional value of, 15,
23, 215
Vegetable oils, 30, 31f, 212, 212t
n Vegetarian diet, 213
Vehicles
n energy use, 484f, 485
n hybrid, 485
n and pollution, 25, 476, 485
Veins, 122f, 123, 123f
and cardiovascular circuits, 126–127,
126f, 127f
femoral, 122f
hepatic, 122f, 127, 127f, 203, 203f, 341f
hepatic portal, 126f, 127, 127f, 203,
203f, 341f
iliac, 122f
jugular, 122f
pulmonary, 122f, 124f, 126, 126f,
127f, 185f
renal, 122f, 226f, 227f
structure and function of, 130f,
131, 131f
umbilical, 340, 341f
valves in, 130f, 131, 131f
n varicose, 131
Vena cava
inferior, 122f, 124f, 127, 127f, 203f,
226f, 341f
superior, 122f, 124f, 127, 127f, 341f
Venous duct (ductus venosus), 341, 341f
Ventricles
brain, 252–253, 253f
heart, 124–125, 124f, 125f, 126
n Ventricular fibrillation, 135, 135f
Venules, 123, 127, 130f, 131, 133, 133f
Vernix caseosa, 340
Vertebrae/vertebral column, 90, 91f, 93,
93f, 96, 101, 251, 251f, 334, 334f
Vertebrates
analogous structures in, 446
as classification, 3, 3f
embryonic development of, as
evidence for evolution,
446–447, 447f
homologous structures in, 446, 446f
Vertigo, 274, 284
Vesicles, 44t, 50–51, 50f–51f, 56–57, 57f
seminal, 310f, 310t, 311, 312f
synaptic, 244, 244f
Vestibular apparatus, 272f, 274–275,
274f, 275f
Vestibular nerves, 274, 274f
Vestigial structures, 447, 447f
Vibrio cholerae bacteria, 57, 57f
Victoria, Queen of England, 394, 394f,
395, 395f
Villi, 201, 201f. See also Chorionic villi
n Vinyl chloride, as carcinogen, 429,
430t, 435
Violent behavior, possible genetic
causes of, 383
Virulence (of pathogens), 173
Virus(es)
n airplane air systems and, 8
n antibiotics ineffective against, 11
antigens on surface of, 156
n bird (avian) flu, 190
and blood–brain barrier, 253
n cancer caused by, 429, 436t
cell-mediated immune response to,
166, 166f
n and diabetes, 171, 299
in digestive system, 210, 210f
n Epstein-Barr, 152
n eye infection by, 280
n genes inserted into, 418–419, 418f
n in gene therapy, 418–419, 418f
n genetically-engineered, 169
n H1N1 (swine flu), 173, 190
n H5N1 (bird flu), 190
n heart damage from, 136, 155
n hepatitis, 41, 168, 168t, 169, 173t,
208, 322
n herpes, 79, 258, 280, 321t, 322,
322f, 322t
n human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), 149t, 152, 169, 171, 172,
172f, 337, 429
n human papillomavirus, 322, 322f
n immune system response to, 169
n nervous system disorders caused
by, 258n poliovirus, 168
and prenatal development, 345
n respiratory disorders caused
by, 190
retrovirus, 172, 418–419, 418f
n rubella, 136, 168t, 345
n SARS, 10, 10f, 190, 190f
skin as defense against, 79
n smallpox, 168, 168f, 176
n STDs caused by, 322, 322f
n swine flu (H1N1 virus), 173, 190
transgenic, 421
n as vector, in gene therapy,
418–419, 418f
n vertigo caused by, 274
n West Nile, 10, 173, 258
n white blood cell damage from, 152
n Visceral pain, 268, 269, 269f
Vision
aging and, 349
n cataract surgery, 281
n corneal transplant, 167, 281
n eye disorders, 280–281, 280f, 281f,
282, 282f, 284, 361, 395
eye structure and function, 276–277,
276f, 276t, 277f
human, evolution of, 451
“seeing stars,” 267
signal reception and processing,
278–279, 278f, 278t, 279f
Visual association area of brain, 255
Visual cortex, 254f, 255, 277, 279, 279f
Visual field, 279
Visual pigments, 15, 278, 278f, 395
Vital capacity (of lungs), 183, 183f
Vitamins
in blood, 142, 142f
coenzymes derived from, 59
n deficiency, effects of, 214t
fat-soluble, 204, 214t
liver storage of, 202f, 203
in prenatal development, 344–345
sources and functions of,
214–215, 214t
supplements, 214–215
vitamin A, 15, 214t, 215, 278, 343, 422
vitamin B 1 , 214t
vitamin B 2 , 214t
vitamin B 3 , 214t
vitamin B 6 , 214t
vitamin B 7 (biotin), 214t
vitamin B 9 (folic acid), 152, 214t,
344–345
vitamin B 12 , 152, 200, 206, 214t
vitamin C, 23, 28, 86, 188f, 214t,
215, 345
vitamin D, 31, 78, 95, 203, 214t, 215,
226, 288, 288t, 292t, 295
vitamin E, 214t, 215, 435
vitamin K, 206, 214t
water-soluble, 214t
Vitiligo, 79, 79fValve(s), continued
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