- Assertion : Anaerobic respiration sometimes occurs in our
skeletal muscles during strenuous exercise.
Reason : Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate
dehydrogenase in the absence of oxygen. - Assertion : Phenylketonuria is a disease in which
excretion of phenylalanine occurs in urine.
Reason : It is due to dietary imbalance.
- Assertion : Aldosterone is a steroid hormone and is
important in the control of sodium and potassium ion
concentration in mammals.
Reason : It upgrades sodium ion concentration in the
ECF by promoting reabsorption of sodium ions from renal
tubules and excretion of potassium ions in urine. - Assertion : Digested and semi-digested food is absorbed
directly by body surface in tapeworms.
Reason : Digestive organs are absent in tapeworms.
ANSWER KEY
- (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)
- (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
- (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a)
- (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a)
- (d) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b)
- (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a)
- (d) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (c)
- (c) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c)
- (d) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a)
- (a) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (a)
- (a) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (b)
- (b) 57. (a) 58. (c) 59. (a) 60. (a)
R
udolf Ludwig Carl Virchow, was a
renowned and influential German
physician and pathologist of the
19 th century. He was a pioneer in veteri-
nary pathology and social medicine. He
was also an anthropologist, biologist,
writer, editor of several medical journals
and a statesman noted for his efforts in
advancing public health.
He was born on October 13, 1821. He was
the only child of Carl Christian Siegfried Virchow and Johanna Maria in
Schievelbein in Pomerania, Prussia (now known as Swidwin in Poland).
He did his elementary schooling in Schievelbein.
He graduated from Gymnasium in 1839 and was awarded a military fel-
lowship to study at Berlin’s Friedrich-Wilhelms Institute (now Humboldt
University of Berlin) from where he got his medical degree in 1843.
After his graduation, he worked under Johannes Peter Muller as a
subordinate physician and later did his internship at Berlin’s Charite
Hospital. In 1844, Virchow joined Robert Froriep, a prosector, who
was also editor of a journal that dealt specially with international
work. He studied microscopy under Froriep and developed an interest
in pathology.
Virchow published his first scientific paper in 1845 in which he wrote
the earliest known pathological descriptions of leukemia. He qualified
the medical licensure examination in 1846, and immediately succeeded
Froriep as hospital prosector at the Charité. In 1847, he was appointed
to his first academic position with the rank of privatdozent.
With colleague, Benno Reinhardt, he started a journal Archiv für
pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizini
(now known as Virchow’s Archies) in 1847.
To fight political injustice he founded Die medicinische Reform (Medical
Reform), a weekly newspaper for promoting social medicine, 1848. The
newspaper ran under the banners “medicine is a social science” and
“the physician is the natural attorney of the poor”.RUDOLF VIRCHOW
FATHER OF MODERN PATHOLOGY
His first major work was a six-volume Handbuch der speciellen Patholo-
gie und Therapie (Handbook on Special Pathology and Therapeutics)
published in 1854. In 1855, he published his famous work describing
“omnis cellula e cellula“ (All cells come from cell).
He contributed to understand cellular pathology and stated that
diseases could be characterised and accurately diagnosed by typical
anatomical changes.
Among his books, Cellular Pathology, published in 1858 is regarded
as root of modern pathology and also popularised, the third dictum of
cell theory ‘Omnis Cellula e cellula‘. He created the field of compara-
tive pathology.
He founded Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (Journal of Ethnology). The latter
is published by German Anthropological Association and the Berlin
Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory, the societies of
which he was the founder.
Virchow married Ferdinande Rosalie Mayer (Rose Virchow) in 1850.
They had three sons and three daughters. Rudolf died of heart failure,
on 5 September 1902, in Berlin.
In 1892, he was awarded the British Royal Society’s Copley Medal.
His contributions include:
• was first person to identify leukemia in 1847. In 1857, he was the
first to describe a type of tumor called chordoma that originated
from the clivus.
• He also explained the mechanism of pulmonary thromboembolism
for the first time.
• He developed a systematic method of autopsy.
• Virchow was the first to analyse hair in criminal investigation and
made the first forensic report in 1861.
• He also described the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis (round-
worm).
Virchow was an opponent of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Virchow also contributed to anthropology, paleontolgy and archeology.
He believed that the Neanderthal man was a modern Homo sapiens, in
which deformations were caused by rickets and arthritis.