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tation of carbonate minerals, by basifying or acidifying
reactions (e.g. alk is increased by photosynthesis and
decreased by oxidation of Fe^2 + to Fe()OH 3 ), but alk is
not modified by CO 2 input or escape from the water. Alk
is generally determined by HCl titration. Knowing alk and
pH allows calculating the partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 )
and DIC (more generally the determination of two quanti-
ties among pH, alk, DIC or pCO 2 allows the calculation of
the two other ones).
Anaerobic Relating to, involving, or requiring an absence
of free oxygen.
Anoxia state of waters without dissolved oxygen, as in
Pavin monimolimnion.
Anthropogenic Caused or produced by human.
Aromatic Unsaturated compound containing one or more
ring, not aliphatic.
Bacterivores (bacterivorous) Microorganisms that ingest
bacteria as a source of energy.
Bedrock a general term for the solid rock underlying uncon-
solidated material such as lacustrine sediments.
Beine a narrow terrace, immersed and/or emerged, at the
lake shore.
Biodegradation Process by which organic substances are
decomposed by living-organisms into simpler substances.
Biogeochemical cycle The flow of chemical elements and
compounds between living organisms and the physical
environment.
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and
ecosystems in geographic space and time.
Bioremediation The use of biologically mediated pro-
cesses to remove or degrade pollutants from specific
environments.
Biosphere The part of the earth and its atmosphere in
which living organisms exist or that is capable of sup-
porting life.
Biotic Associated with or derived from living organisms.
Burst size The number of new phages liberated by sponta-
neous lysis of an infected host cell.
CPUE Catch Per Unit Effort is an indirect measure of the
abundance of target species. It corresponds of the number
of catching fish by the number of UFE. It’s useful to track
evolution of catches at constant effort.
Canyons a deep and narrow depression between
escarpments.
Carboxyl Group (symbolized as COOH) has both a car-
bonyl and a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon
atom.
Catchment area extent of the area around the lake collect-
ing and draining rainwater.
Caudovirales group of viruses also known as the tailed
bacteriophages.
cauliflower bombs peculiar aspect of magmatic bombs that
are quenched during a phreatomagmatic explosion.
Chemocline a cline (see cline) caused by a strong, vertical
chemistry gradient within a body of water.
Chlorination Introduction of chlorine into a chemical
compound.
Chondrites meteorites of which chemical composition is
used as a reference for bulk earth composition (except
volatile elements).
Chytridiomycosis Infection of organisms caused by fungal
pathogens (e. g. chytrids).
Clearance rate Equivalent to filtration rate for unicellular
eukaryotes.
Climax the final state of ecological succession and the most
stable state in the existing conditions.
Cline horizontal layer within a fluid, in which a property
of the fluid varies greatly over a relatively short vertical
distance.
Cloning/sequencing Method used in molecular biology for
sequencing long DNA strands.
Co-metabolism The transformation of an organic com-
pound by a microorganism incapable of using the sub-
strate as a source of energy or of one of its constituent
elements.
Coenzyme organic small molecule of non-protein nature
promoting the activity of the enzyme, and are often even
essential.
Cofactor Any non-protein substance required by a protein
for biological activity.
Consortium, consortia association between different part-
ners of microorganisms.
Consortium A physical association of at least two different
organisms, usually beneficial to both organisms.
Conjugation Transfer of genetic material (e.g. plasmid)
between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by
a bridge-like connection between two cells.
Cosmographiae early geographic encyclopedia covering
the known world (sixteenth and seventeenth century).
Crater of elevation Theory proposed in 1820 by the
German geologist L. von Buch, which will be taken
and firmly defended by A. Dufrénoy and L. Élie de
Beaumont who used Cantal and the Monts-Dore volca-
noes as examples: “Le cratère de soulèvement est une
portion de l’écorce terrestre qui poussée par une force
quelconque dont l’action a été dirigée de bas en haut a
été ainsi soulevée de manière à prendre une forme plus
ou moins circulaire/The crater of elevation is a portion of
the earth’s crust which was pushed by some strength, the
action of which was driven bottom up and was raised so
as to take a more or less circular shape”.
Crater rim (or ring) a low-relief rim of fragmental mate-
rial surrounding a maar lake.
Cyanobacteria Major group of photosynthetic eubacteria
that have two photosystems, and realise oxygenic photo-
synthesis, previously called blue-green algae.Glossary