186
Angelo R, Boufford DE (2013) Atlas of the fl ora of New England. http://neatlas.org/index.html.
Accessed 23 Jun 2013
Armstrong KC (1983) The relationship between some Eurasian and American species of Bromus
section Pnigma as determined by the karyotypes of some F1 hybrids. Can J Bot 61:700–707
Baker HG (1974) The evolution of weeds. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5:1–24
Barkworth ME, Anderton LK, Capels KM, Long S, Piep MB (2007) Manual of grasses for North
America. Intermountain Herbarium and Utah State University Press, Logan, Utah
Behre K-E (2008) Collected seeds and fruits from herbs as prehistoric food. Veg Hist Archaeobot
17:65–73
Bennett MD, Smith JB (1972) The effects of polyploidy on meiotic duration and pollen develop-
ment in cereal anthers. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol 181:81–10
Bilz M (2011) Bromus interruptus. IUCN 2012. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version
2012.1. http: http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 23 Aug 2012
Bradley BA, Wilcove DS (2009) When invasive plants disappear: transformative restoration pos-
sibilities in the western United States resulting from climate change. Restor Ecol 17:715–721
Brooks ML (2012) Effects of high fi re frequency in creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave
Desert. Int J Wildland Fire 21:61–68
Brooks ML, Belnap J, Brown CS et al (2015) Exotic annual Bromus invasions – comparisons
among species and ecoregions in the Western United States. In: Germino MJ, Chambers JC,
Brown CS (eds) Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the Western USA:
causes, consequences, and management implications. Springer, New York, NY (Chapter 2)
Brooks ML, Berry KH (2006) Dominance and environmental correlates of alien annual plants in
the Mojave Desert, USA. J Arid Environ 57:100–124
Bugg RL, Brown CS, Anderson JH (1997) Restoring native perennial grasses to rural roadsides in
the Sacramental Valley of California: establishment and evaluation. Restor Ecol 5:214–228
Burns JH (2004) A comparison of invasive and non-invasive dayfl owers (Commelinaceae) across
environmental nutrient and water gradients. Divers Distrib 10:387–397
Camus A (1956) Graminées nouvelles des genres Craspedorhachis , Agrostis , et Bromus , Notulae
Systematica, Herbier du Museum de Paris 15: 134–137
Clayton WD, Renvoize SA (1986) Genera Graminum – Grasses of the World. Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew
Clayton WD, Vorontsova MS, Harman KT et al (2006+) GrassBase – the online grass fl ora – The
Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. Accessed Mar 2012
Concilio AL, Loik ME, Belhamp J (2013) Global change effects on Bromus tectorum L. (Poaceae)
at its high-elevation range margin. Glob Change Biol 19:161–172
Cowbrough M, Darbyshire S, Sikkema P et al (2007) Weed Profi le: Chess, Bromus secalinus.
Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. Ontario, Canada. http://www.omafra.gov.
on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_chess.htm. Accessed 29 Oct 2012
Darbyshire SJ (2003) Inventory of Canadian weeds. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/
Collection/A42-100-2003E.pdf. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Darris D (2007) California Brome – Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. – Plant Symbol-BRCA5.
United States Department of Agriculture National Resources Conservation Service. http://
plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_brca5.pdf. Accessed 10 Aug 2010
DeFalco LA, Bryla DR, Smith-Longozo V, Nowak RS (2003) Are Mojave Desert annual species
equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp.
rubens (Poaceae) and two native species. Am J Bot 90:1045–1053
Dillemuth FP, Rietschier EA, Cronin JT (2009) Patch dynamics of a native grass in relation to the
spread of invasive smooth brome ( Bromus inermis ). Biol Invasions 11:1381–1391
Elliot FC (1949) Bromus inermis and Bromus pumpellianus in North America. Evolution
3:142–149
Firn J, Moore JL, MacDougall AS et al (2011) Abundance of introduced species at home predicts
abundance away in herbaceous communities. Ecol Lett 14:274–291
Fortune PM, Portau N, Viron N et al (2008) Molecular phylogeny and reticulate origins of the
polyploid Bromus species from section Genea (Poaceae). Am J Bot 95:454–464
S.Y. Atkinson and C.S. Brown