369Pyke DA, Shaff SE, Lindgren AI et al (2014) Region-wide ecological responses of arid Wyoming
big sagebrush communities to fuel treatments. Rangel Ecol Manag 67:455–467
Pyšek P, Jarošík V, Hulme PE et al (2012) A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resi-
dent species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading spe-
cies’ traits and environment. Glob Change Biol 18:1725–1737
Ralphs MH, Wiedmeier RD, Banks JE (2007) Decreasing forage allowance can force cattle to
graze broom snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sarothrae ) as a potential biological control. Rangel Ecol
Manag 60:487–497
Reever-Morghan KJ, Sheley RL, Svejcar TJ (2006) Successful adaptive management – the integra-
tion of research and management. Rangel Ecol Manag 59:216–219
Reisner MD, Grace JB, Pyke et al (2013) Conditions favouring Bromus tectorum dominance of
endangered sagebrush steppe ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 50:1039–1049
Rice KJ, Nagy ES (2000) Oak canopy effects on the distribution patterns of two annual grasses: the
role of competition and soil nutrients. Am J Bot 87:1699–1706
Rinella MJ, Masters RA, Bellows SE (2013) Effects of growth regulator herbicide on downy
brome ( Bromus tectorum ) seed production. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 6:60–64
Rist L, Felton A, Samuelsson L et al (2013) A new paradigm for adaptive management. Ecol Soc
18:63
Rose KK, Hild AL, Whitson TD et al (2001) Competitive effects of cool-season grasses on re-
establishment of three weed species. Weed Technol 15:885–891
Salo LF (2005) Red brome ( Bromus rubens subsp madritensis ) in North America: possible modes
for early introductions, subsequent spread. Biol Invasions 7:165–180
Sheley R, James J, Smith B et al (2010) Applying ecologically based invasive-plant management.
Rangel Ecol Manag 63:605–613
Sheley RL, James JJ, Vasquez EA et al (2011) Using rangeland health assessment to inform suc-
cessional management. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 4:356–367
Skaer MJ, Graydon DJ, Cushman JH (2013) Community-level consequences of cattle grazing for
an invaded grassland: variable responses of native and exotic vegetation. J Veg Sci
24:332–343
Smith AT (1970) Effects of disturbance on seed germination in some annual plants. Ecology
51:1106–1108
Smith DC, Meyer SE, Anderson VJ (2008) Factors affecting Bromus tectorum seed bank carryover
in western Utah. Rangel Ecol Manag 61:430–436
Smith B, Sheley R, Svejcar T (2012) Grazing invasive annual grasses: the green and brown guide.
USDA, Agricultural Research Service, USA, p 36
Sorensen CD, McGlone CM (2010) Ponderosa pine understory response to short-term grazing
exclusion (Arizona). Ecol Res 28:124–126
Stavi I, Ungar EU, Lavee H et al (2008) Surface microtopography and soil penetration resistance
associated with shrub patches in a semiarid rangeland. Geomorphology 94:69–78
Stidham MA (1991) Herbicides that inhibit acetohydroxyacid synthase. Weed Sci 39:428–434
Stiver SJ, Apa AD, Bohne JR et al (2006) Greater sage-grouse comprehensive conservation strat-
egy. Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Cheyenne, WY, p 28
Suding KN (2011) Toward an era of restoration in ecology: successes, failures, and opportunities
ahead. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 42:465–487
Suding KN, Hobbs RJ (2008) Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing
framework. Trends Ecol Evol 24:271–279
Suding KN, Gross KL, Houseman GR (2004) Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restora-
tion ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 19:46–53
Svejcar T, Boyd C (2012) The value of decision models: using Ecologically Based Invasive Plant
Management as an example. Rangelands 34:2–5
Svejcar T, James J, Hardegree S et al (2014) Incorporating plant mortality and recruitment into
rangeland management and assessment. Rangel Ecol Manag 67:603–613
Sweet SB, Kyser GB, DiTomaso JM (2008) Susceptibility of exotic annual grass seeds to fi re.
Invasive Plant Sci Manag 1:158–167
12 Assessing Restoration and Management Needs for Ecosystems...