2000 ). Additionally, some smut fungi (e.g.Exo-
basidiumandGeorgefischeria) produce ballis-
tospores to actively discharge basidiospores or
secondary spores (Begerow et al. 2000 ). Hyphal
growth is present in the saprobic phase of some
members of Ustilaginomycotina; in many cases,
a clear distinction between unicellular, yeast-
like, pseudohyphal, and hyphal proliferation is
impossible because budding cells (blastoconi-
dia) often originate from hyphae and vice versa.
This yeast–hyphal dimorphism occurs in many
lineages of the Basidiomycota and might be a
distinctive feature of parasitic lineages
(Sampaio 2004 ).Fig. 11.3Basidia of Ustilaginomycotina.Bar¼ 10 mm.
(a)Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda. (b)Cintractia axicola
(Berk.) Cornu. (c)Anthracoidea altiphilaVa ́nky & M.
Piepenb. (d)Urocystis ranunculi(Lib.) Moesz. (e)Myco-
syrinx cissi(DC.) G. Beck. (f)Entyloma microsporum
(Unger) Schro ̈ter. (g)Rhamphospora nymphaeaeD.D.
Cunn. (h)Tilletiacaries(DC.) Tul. & C. Tul. (i)Eballistra
brachiariae(Vie ́gas) R. Bauer, Begerow, A. Nagler &
Oberw. (j)Jamesdicksonia dactylidis(Pass.) R. Bauer,
Begerow, A. Nagler & Oberw. (k)Tilletiaria anomala
Bandoni & Johri. (l)Graphiola phoenicis(Moug.) Poi-
teau. (m) Volvocisporium triumfetticola(M.S. Patil)
Begerow, R. Bauer & Oberw. (n)Microstroma juglandis
(Berenger) Sacc. (o)Exobasidium oxycocciRostr.300 D. Begerow et al.