Systematics and Evolution, Part A The Mycota

14 Agaricomycetes

D.S. HIBBETT^1 ,R.BAUER^2 ,M.BINDER^3 , A.J. GIACHINI^4 ,K.HOSAKA^5 ,A.JUSTO^1 ,E.LARSSON^6 ,
K.H. LARSSON^7 , J.D. LAWREY^8 ,O.MIETTINEN1,9, L.G. NAGY^1 , R.H. NILSSON^6 ,M.WEISS^10 , R.G. THORN^11

CONTENTS

I. Introduction................................. 373

A. Higher-Level Relationships .............. 374

B. Taxonomic Characters and Ecological

Diversity................................... 376

1. Septal Pore Ultrastructure ............. 376


2. Fruiting Bodies......................... 380


3. Ecological Roles........................ 383
   C. Fossils and Molecular Clock Dating ..... 386
   II. Phylogenetic Diversity...................... 387
   A. Cantharellales............................. 387
   B. Sebacinales ................................ 389
   C. Auriculariales ............................. 390
   D. Phallomycetidae .......................... 391


4. Geastrales............................... 391


5. Phallales ................................ 392


6. Gomphales ............................. 393


7. Hysterangiales.......................... 394
   E. Trechisporales ............................ 395

F. Hymenochaetales ......................... 396

G. Polyporales ............................... 397

H. Thelephorales............................. 399

I. Corticiales ................................. 400

J. Jaapiales. ................................... 402

K. Gloeophyllales ............................ 402

L. Russulales ................................. 403

M. Agaricomycetidae ........................ 405

1. Atheliales and Lepidostromatales ..... 406


2. Amylocorticiales ....................... 406


3. Boletales ................................ 407


4. Agaricales .............................. 409
   III. Conclusions.................................. 411
   References.................................... 412

I. Introduction

Agaricomycetes is a clade of Basidiomycota

that contains ca. 21,000 described species,

which is one-fifth of all known Fungi (Kirk

et al. 2008 ). However, new taxa are continually

being described, and molecular ecologists rou-

tinely detect DNA sequences of Agaricomycetes

that cannot be referred to known species, sug-

gesting that the actual diversity of the group far

exceeds the current catalog (Blackwell 2011 ;

Hibbett et al. 2011 ). Many members of Agari-

comycetes produce conspicuous fruiting bodies

that are popular subjects for artists and ama-

teur naturalists (Petersen 2012 ). In addition,

most edible mushrooms are Agaricomycetes,

including cultivated saprotrophs, such asAgar-

icus bisporus(champignon),Pleurotus ostrea-

tus(oyster mushroom), andLentinula edodes

(shiitake), and wild-collected ectomycorrhizal

(ECM) species, such asBoletus edulis(porcini),

Cantharellus cibarius(chanterelle), andTricho-

loma matsutake (matsutake). Psychoactive

taxa, particularly species of Psilocybe, have

(^1) Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA;
e-mail:[email protected]
(^2) Institut fu ̈r Evolution und O ̈kologie, Universita ̈tTu ̈bingen,
Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tu ̈bingen, Germany
(^3) Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8,
Utrecht 3584 CT, Netherlands
(^4) Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de
Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,
Caixa Postal 476, SC 88040 900 Florianopolis, Brazil
(^5) Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and
Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
(^6) Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University
of Gothenburg, Box 100, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
(^7) Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318
Oslo, Norway
(^8) Environmental Science and Policy Department, George
Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA
(^9) Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, 00014
Helsinki, Finland
(^10) Fachbereich Biologie, Universita ̈tTu ̈bingen, Auf der Mor-
genstelle 1, 72076 Tu ̈bingen, Germany
(^11) Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario,
1151 Richmond St. North, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
Systematics and Evolution, 2ndEdition
The Mycota VII Part A
D.J. McLaughlin and J.W. Spatafora (Eds.)
©Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014