20 R.M. Shaw
scientists they observed developed qualities of personal responsibility
and self-reflection in response to encountering ethical dilemmas in their
routine work practice, thereby accommodating their professional ethics
with personal values and beliefs.
Ethical concerns about assisted human reproduction have long been
bifurcated along the lines of the gift/commodity distinction. Feminist
scholars, in particular, have been critical not only of the commodifica-
tion of women’s reproductive capacity and labour but also of reproduc-
tive gifting as a socially constructed form of compulsory altruism. In the
third chapter in the section on assisted reproduction, Walker and Van
Zyl agree that there are a number of convincing reasons why commer-
cial surrogacy is and ought to be prohibited. They take the view that
arranging surrogate pregnancy according to the norms of the free mar-
ket often gives rise to exploitation of the surrogate mother, a violation
of her right to participate in medical decision-making, in addition to
practices that endanger the health and welfare of the surrogate mother
and the intended child (e.g. transferring multiple embryos in the case of
IVF). While the authors accept all of these reasons, they maintain that
fairness requires that surrogate mothers be compensated for their labour
as well as the risks they undertake. To this end, Walker and Van Zyl
argue in favour of organising surrogate pregnancy arrangements along
the lines of professions such as nursing and teaching, proposing a highly
regulated model that can be used in the case of live organ donation as
well as gamete and embryo donation.
Part III: Organ Donation and Transplantation
Four chapters in the volume discuss organ transplantation as a routine
biomedical technology with the capacity to extend the lives of indi-
viduals with end-stage organ disease. Three of these chapters examine
transplant medicine, the failure of vital organs such as the heart, lungs,
liver and kidneys (when dialysis therapy is no longer an option), and the
availability of replacement parts from deceased and living donors when
those organs ‘give out’. The leading contribution to the section bridges
the chapter by Walker and Van Zyl on commercial surrogacy, to discuss
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