24 R.M. Shaw
Notes
- The European Union Tissue and Cells Directive ( 2004 : L102/49(18))
states that tissue and cell procurement, ‘should be founded on the phi-
losophy of voluntary and unpaid donation, anonymity of both donor
and recipient, altruism of the donor and solidarity between donor and
recipient’. In the USA, the 1968 Uniform Anatomical Gift Act and the
1984 National Organ Transplant Act both call for altruistic donation,
referring to the donation of bodily materials and parts as gifts. In line
with these documents, the current practice of the Australian and New
Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Statement on Death and
Organ Donation ( 2013 : 14), ‘is based on the donation of organs and tis-
sues being an unconditional altruistic, non-commercial act’. - See Diprose ( 2002 ) and Shildrick ( 2012 ) for discussions of corporeal
generosity and tissue exchange in relation to Derrida’s work. - See Busby et al. ( 2014 ) for an alternative perspective, based on altera-
tions to the blood economy over the course of the last 50 years. - Despite concerns that payment will degrade the basis of altruistic dona-
tion, major international organisations such as the World Medical
Association and Council of Europe distinguish between the commer-
cialisation of human tissue and organs and recompense for live donation.
This has been the position of the International Transplantation Society
since 1985 and was recently endorsed by the UK Nuffield Council of
Bioethics ( 2011 ) report. The Nuffield Report defines non-altruistically
focused financial incentives to reward living donors and their families
from altruistically focused recompense.
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Almeling, R. (2011). Sex cells: The medical market in eggs and sperm. Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press.
Appadurai, A. (1986). Introduction: Commodities and the politics of value. In
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