From Empedocles to Theophrastus j 227227 227
- The Plays of Aristophanes (1949), Vol. 1, trans. J. H. Frere, Everyman’s Library, Dent & Sons,
p. 141. - Aristotle’s Metaphysics, Book 1, Parts 3– 4.
- Mason, S. F. (1962), A History of the Sciences. Collier Books.
- Wertheim, M. (1997), Pythagoras’ Trousers: God, Physics, and the Gender Wars. Fourth
Estate. - Empedocles, and Inwood, B. (1992), The Poem of Empedocles: A Text and Translation with
an Introduction. University of Toronto Press. Fragment 64/ 57, p. 235. - Aristotle, Physics, 199b7– 13.
- Empedocles and Inwood, The Poem of Empedocles. Fragment 79/ 79 p. 241.
- Aëtius, Vetusta Placita, v. 26; 440.
- Platanus orientalis, as opposed to the western or American plane tree (Platanus
occidentalis). - Fahråeus, a Swedish physician, suggested that the four humors may have been based on the
separation of blood into four discrete color zones when allowed to settle in a transparent con-
tainer: a blackish clot at the bottom (“black bile”), a layer of red cells above it (“blood”), a whitish
layer (“phlegm”), and clear yellow serum in the upper zone (“yellow bile”). Fahråeus, R. (1921),
The suspension stability of blood. Acta Medica Scandanavica 55:1– 228. - Singer, C. (1922), Greek Biology and Greek Medicine, Chapters in the History of Science.
Clarendon Press. - Aristotle did not cite any specific examples in the case of “insects.” Among the animals
that can regenerate whole organisms, including both heads and tails, after being cut into pieces
are the flatworms (planarians) and some segmented worms used in composting, neither of
which is an insect (arthropod). - Aristotle, On the Soul, Book I, Part 5.
- Aristotle, De Anima, Book II Part 2.
- Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, Book I, Part I, 715b.
- Idem., Book I, Part 2, 716a. Aristotle notes in the same sentence that this manner of distin-
guishing the sexes accounts for gender assignments in myths about cosmology: “wherefore men
apply these terms to the macrocosm also, naming Earth mother as being female, but addressing
Heaven and the Sun and other like entities as fathers, as causing generation.” - Idem., Book I, Part 1, 715b.
- See Aristotle, Meteorology, Part 3.
- Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, Book I, Part 22, 731.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid. - Idem., Book II, Part 4.
24. Ibid. - Cohen, D. (2012), Law, society and homosexuality or hermaphrodity in Classical Athens,
in R. Osborne, ed., Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society. Cambridge University
Press, p. 64. - Aristotle, History of Animals, Book 8, ch. 28.
- Flavius Jospehus (1737), Antiquities of the Jews (4.228), trans. William Whiston.
Willoughby & Co., London. - The New Oxford Annotated Bible, third edition. Oxford University Press.