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- Apuleius (1994), The Golden Ass 11.9– 10, trans. P. G. Walsh. Oxford University Press.
- Castriota, D. (1995), The Ara Pacis Augustae and the Imagery of Abundance in Later Greek
and Early Roman Imperial Art. Princeton University Press. - Spaeth, B. S. (1996), The Roman Goddess Ceres. University of Texas Press.
- Castriota, The Ara Pacis Augustae and the Imagery of Abundance.
- Varro, M. T. (1913), Res Rustica, Book I, in Roman Farm Management: The Treatises of
Cato and Varro, trans. “A Virginia Farmer” [pseudonym of F. Hamilton]. Macmillan. - Hughes, J. T. (1985), Theophrastus as ecologist. Environmental Review 9:296– 306.
- Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (1941), De Re Rustica, Book III, trans. H. B. Ash.
Loeb Classical Library edition, p. 343. - Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (1941), On Agriculture, Book X. Loeb Classical
Library doi: 10.4159/ DLCL.columella- agriculture. - Marcus Terentius Varro (1960), On Agriculture, trans. William Davis Hooper, Revised by
Harrison Boyd Ash. Harvard University Press, p. 277. - Pliny (1968), Natural History, Vol. III, Book XIII, ch. VII, in Pliny, Natural History in
Te n Vo l u m e s, trans. H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann Ltd., Harvard
University Press. - Pliny (1855), Natural History, Vol. III, Book XIII, ch. VII, in The Natural History of Pliny,
trans. J. Bostock and H. T. Riley. Taylor and Francis. - Idem., Book XXI, 56, 96.
- Idem., Book XXI, x.
- Pliny, Natural History, Book XX1. i.
- Wacholder, B. Z. (1962), Nicolaus of Damascus. University of California Press.
- According to B. Z. Wacholder, the medieval scholar Albertus Magnus was the first to
attribute De Plantis to Nicolaus of Damascus rather than Aristotle. In 1841, the German scholar
E. H. F. Meyer published De Plantis and followed Albertus’s example by ascribing it to Nicolaus
as well. Then, in 1923, an Arabic manuscript of De Plantis dating to the ninth century was found
in a library in Istanbul. The title page of this Arabic version was written: “The book of Plants by
Aristotle, the commentary of Nicolaus, translated by Ishak ibn Hunayn, with the corrections of
Thabit ibn Kurra.” Nicolaus’s authorship of De Plantis is further supported by Syriac fragments
of Nicolaus’s writings, which include a page of De Plantis. In the words of Wacholder, “It is now
certain that the Hebrew, Latin and Greek translations are based on the Arabic version, itself a
translation from the Syriac. There is no longer any reason to doubt that De plantis, in its present
form, must be credited to Nicolaus.” - Wacholder, Nicolaus of Damascus.
- The Seleucid Empire, ruled by the Selucid dynasty from 312 bce to 63 bce, was a major
Hellenistic state centered in Selucia in modern- day Iraq. At its peak, it included Anatolia,
the Levant, and Mesopotamia. The Empire was finally defeated in by the Roman army under
Pompey in 63 bce. - Periodic clashes that occurred from 66 bce to 217 ce between the Roman Republic and
the Parthian Empire centered in Iran. - According to Josephus (l.c. xii. 3, § 2), in 14 bce Nicolaus successfully negotiated with
M. Agrippa to restore the privileges of Jews in Ionia. He also mediated a conflict between Herod
and Augustus in 7 bce and restored harmony between them.