168 N. Nagaraju et al.
PRSV-P is transmitted by four species of aphids
namely, A. craccivora, A. gossypii, M. persicae,
and M. nicotianae. Whereas, CGMV could not
be transmitted by any of the above aphid species.
Shah et al. ( 2008 ) found efficient transmission of
ChiVMV in chilli and tobacco plant when one
hour starved A. gossypii was allowed for 2–3 min
of acquisition-feeding period with 5–10 virulifer-
ous aphids.
Single aphid of M. persicae and A. gossypii
was able to transmit PRSV with a transmission
of 56 % and 53 %, respectively, compared to A.
craccivora (38 %). The time required for the
initiation of the first probe on inoculated test
plants was significantly shorter compared to A.
craccivora. There was a perceptible decline in
transmission efficiency as the sequestration pe-
riod increased, although M. persicae successfully
transmitted PRSV after 30 min of sequestration
(Kalleshwaraswamy and Krishna kumar 2008 ;
Krishnakumar et al. 2010 ).
The natural spread of PRSV disease in the east-
ern Uttar Pradesh region (India) occurs by aphid
vectors transmiting the disease through wounds
created during sucking of sap for feeding. Five
aphid vectors viz. A. craccivora, A. gossypii, A.
citricola, M.persicae, and Rhopalosiphum mai-
dis, were common in the surveyed areas. The
virus–vector relationship with M. persicae was
the most efficient transmitting, 70 % of diseases
within 12 days after inoculation. Aphids could ac-
quire the virus without any preacquisition fasting,
and showed a decline in transmission after 4 h of
preacquisition fasting. The aphid could readily
transmit PRSV after 2 min of infection feeding
with an optimum transmission after 6 min. of in-
fection feeding. The virus was totally inactivat-
ed at 4 h of postacquisition fasting. M. persicae
ceased to be infective very soon and could infect
not more than two plants in succession reveal-
ing “nonpersistent nature” stylet borne nature of
PRSV (Singh Vimla and Singh Devendra 2010 ).
Two aphid species A. craccivora and A. gos-
sypii are efficiently transmitted the CMV in a non-
persistent manner within 20 min of acquisition and
inoculation of 10–15 min. Thirty plants of robusta
were inoculated with infective A. gossypii and
30 plants of cowpea and commulina inoculated
with infected A. craccivora. (Dheepa and Paran-
jothi 2010 ).Two aphid species, M. persicae and A.
gossypii, transmitted the strain of potato virus Y
causing egg plant mosaic in southern Iran between
Turkish tobacco plants (Sadeghi et al. 2008 ).
Five to ten viruliferous aphids, A. gossypii
transmitted successfully Pakistani isolate, chilli
veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) when they were
starved for 1 h with acquisition-feeding period of
2–3 min and IAP of 1 h (Shah et al. 2008 ).
Symptoms characteristic of the virus eggplant
blister mottled virus (EBMV) appeared when
healthy eggplants exposed to group of aphids M.
persicae precaged on virus-infected plants for 1/2
and 1 min. A. fabae and B. tabaci failed to trans-
mit the virus. The same period is also required
for inoculation of healthy plants. This indicated
that M. persicae transmitted the virus in a non-
persistent manner (Rakib et al. 2011 ). The en-
zyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests
showed that two aphid species, M. persicae and A.
gossypii, carried cowpea mottle virus. These tests
also showed weak reaction with T. tabaci colonies
collected from infected fields, but no positive re-
action was observed with T. tabaci colonies col-
lected from non-infected fields (Hajiabadi 2012 ).
Citrus triteza virus (CTV) is a member of
genus Closterovirus with long flexuous virions,
monopartite genome and is vectored by aphids.
Efficiency of CTV transmissibility is affected by
the species of aphids, the source plant at acqui-
sition feeding and the CTV isolate. The Brown
citrus aphid (BrCA), i.e., A. gossypii is the most
efficient vector of CTV in major citrus growing
areas of Peninsular Malaysia, all citrus varieties
and its hybrids including Fortunella sp., Citrofor-
tunella microcarpa and Citromelo were infected
with CTV in a high rate. The survey of CTV
vector(s) in Peninsular Malaysia revealed that
atleast there is one efficient vector ( A. gossypii)
of CTV in citrus growing areas (Ayzapour 2013 ).
In Nepal, sweet bean ( Lablab purpureus L.)
is an important legume crop. During 2010, sweet
bean plants showed mottling and leaf deforma-
tion, severe mosaic, necrosis, downward curling
of leaves, and reduction in leaf size in addition to
malformation of leaves and pods with 60–70 %
incidence. It is transmitted in a nonpersistent