172 N. Nagaraju et al.
sented here for easy identification of field col-
lected leafhoppers at generic level (Gnaneswaran
et al. 2010 ).
After 3 weeks of exposition to a colony of
Thrips tabaci previously grown on tomato yellow
ring virus infected soybeans, some tobacco plants
(2/12, 16.7 %) showed leaf chlorosis and diffuse
necrosis symptoms. In another test, 7 out of 20
tobacco seedlings (35.0 %) exhibited the same
symptoms 21 days after the inoculation with lar-
val thrips (Ali Raza Golnaraghi et al. 2007 ).
Leaf Hopper Transmission of eggplant mot-
tled dwarf virus (EMDV), a plant rhabdovirus,
was achieved by the agallian leafhopper Agallia
vorobjevi. Symptoms began to appear 20 days
after inoculation. Viruliferous leafhoppers were
also captured in the field (Babaie and Izadpanah
2003 ). Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV),
genus Mastervirus, family Geminiviridae), is
the most common viral disease of chickpea
in Pakistan. Transmission results showed that
leafhopper O. albicinctus successfully transmit-
ted CpCDV from diseased to healthy chickpea
plants. (Akthar et al. 2011 ). The phytoplasma
that causes phyllody disease in Sesamum was
successfully transmitted from infected to healthy
plants via leafhopper O.albicinctus. The caus-
ative agent was successfully transmitted to ten
healthy plants, producing disease symptoms
within 25–35 days in all the plants with 60 % of
healthy plants (Akhtar et al. 2009 ).
Psyllids Two species of citrus psyllid, Diapho-
rina citri Kuwayama (Asiatic psylla) and Trioza
erytreae Del Guerico, (African psylla) can trans-
mit the greening pathogen. Acquisition feeding
period is 30 min or longer. The pathogen remains
latent for 3–20 days. Inoculation feeding period
is 1 h or more (Huang et al. 1990 ; Batool et al.
2007 ).
Management
Khan and Mukhopadhyay ( 1985 ) found that soil
application of methyl phosphoro dithioate (fura-
tox-104) at 15 kg ha/ha followed by four sprays
of matasystax 25 EC at 0.03 % at 15 days inter-
vals recorded reduced yellow vein mosaic inci-
dence in Okra with 23.26 % compared to control
(81.22 %). The average whitefly population in
treated plot was 59.66 compared to 231 in con-
trol with enhanced yield up to 59.45 q/ha over
23.8 in control. Three sprays of phosphomidon
(0.02 %) or metasystax (0.02 %) or soil appli-
cation of phorate 15 kg ha−1 or early sowing or
intercropping okra with cowpea or mungbean re-
corded less number of B. tabaci with decreased
BYVMV incidence and increased yield (Singh
and Singh 1989 ). Neem-based products showed
no effect in controlling whitefly and the disease
(Pun et al. 2000 ).
As reported by Shankarappa ( 2002 ) the seed
treatment with imidacloprid 70WG (3 g/kg seed)
followed by three sprays of imidacloprid 200SL
(0.03 ml/L) in tomato recorded lowest incidence
of ToLCV disease (30.0 %) with increased yield
of 51.17 t/ha over control (14.94 t ha). Seed treat-
ment with imidacloprid 70WG (5 g kg seed) was
effective in controlling YVMV in okra transmit-
ted by with highest C:B ratio of 5.9 (Shivapuri
et al. 2004 ).
Yellow mosaic virus (YMV) in okra could ef-
fectively managed by growing maize as border
crop, the disease incidence was 30.0 % compared
to 50.06 % in control with yield of 46.90 and
2.73 t ha, respectively (Pun et al. 2005 ). The low-
est YMV incidence was due to obstruction in the
movement of viruliferous whiteflies from out-
side. Profenophos 40 EC (500 g a.i/ha) and thio-
methoxam 25 % WDG (25 g a.i/ha) effectively
controlled whitefly population with reduced leaf
curl incidence and increased yield in tomato (Ra-
jashri et al. 2009 ).
The management of leaf curl disease, by plant
products showed that neem seed kernal extract
(5 %) was most effective than karanj and tumba
seed extract. Management by insecticides, imi-
dacloprid 17.8 SL (0.003 %) was most effective
than spinosad 48 EC (0.02 %), malathion 50 EC
(0.05 %), acephate 75 SP (0.1%) and methyl-
demeton 25 EC (0.025 %). Management of chilli
leaf curl was done by seed extract of plants and
insecticides at different concentrations. (Pandey
et al. 2010 ).