218 P. R. Shashank et al.
Pheromones
Sex pheromone was detected in Japan in extracts
of the abdominal tips of females of the FFT of
C. punctiferalis. It was identified by gas liquid
chromoatography, mass spectrometry, ozonoly-
sis, and electro antennography as (E)-10-hexa-
decenal. The synthetic compound was attractive
to males (10 ng being equivalent to 1 live virgin
female) in the laboratory, but in the field, traps
baited with this compound trapped only a few
males. However, four times as many males were
trapped with a mixture of (E)—and (Z)-10 hexa-
decenal in 9:1. It is therefore concluded that (Z)-
10-hexadecenal is a minor component of the sex
pheromone of C. punctiferalis. Males of the type
C. punctiferalis feeding on the leaves of Pinaceae
were also caught in traps baited with the mixture
at 9:1 and 8:2 (Konno et al. 1982 ).
( KH[DGHFHQDO = KH[DGHFHQDOKonno ( 1986 ) investigated the relationship
between daily changes in the sex pheromone
quantity and calling behavior in females of C.
punctiferalis in the laboratory at 23 °C, 70–80 %
RH, and LD15:9. He recorded that quantity of
the sex pheromone, (E)-10-hexadecenal, in the
pheromone gland increased when the lights were
turned off, reached a maximum after 5 h and then
decreased. On the other hand, calling started
from 5 h after light-off and reached to a maxi-
mum of 7.5 after light-off and then decreased.
Similar results were obtained by Rajabaskar and
Regupathy (2012) on cardamom in India. Na-
kano et al. ( 2012 ) detected ultrasound produced
by male C. punctiferalis for mating. Males de-
veloped mesothoracic tymbal organs for gener-
arating ultrasonic clicks in mating. Mori et al.
( 1990 ) studied and described the synthesis and
biological evaluation of 2 sex pheromone mimics
((E)—and (Z)-Tetradecenyl formate) for the po-
lyphagous pest C. punctiferalis. A 10:1 mixture
of (E) -and (Z)-tetradecenyl formate was found
as attractive as the natural pheromone for adults
of the crambid.
Chakravarthy and Thyagaraj ( 1997 ) stud-
ied activity of 7 pheromone compounds ((Z)-
9-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-tetradecenal,(E)-11
-tetradecenal, (Z)-11-tetradecenal, (Z)-11-hexa-
decenal, (E)-10-hexadecenal, and (Z)-10-hexa-
decenal) against C. punctiferalis. Tests were
carried out in laboratory and cardamom fields in
Mudigere and Sakleshpur, Karnataka, India during
September–December between 1985 and 1993. In
laboratory, males responded to (E)-10-hexadece-
nal, (Z)-10-hexadecenaland (Z)-11-hexadecenal
at 1000 ng. A blend of (E)-10-hexadecenal and
(Z)-10-hexadecenal at 9:1 had maximum attrac-
tancy. Field trials with this blend gave positiveresponse from moths. Laboratory studies on the
mating behavior of C. punctiferalis showed that an
airborne sex pheromone is released from the call-
ing female. Males were attracted to virgin female
extract in laboratory tests suggesting that the ex-
tract contained pheromone components for attrac-
tion. (E)-10-hexadecenal and (Z)-10-hexadecenal
at 1000 ng concentration when tested separately,
and a blend of these two compounds at 9:1 at-
tracted maximum number of male moths in the
laboratory. In field trials at Sakaleshpur and Mu-
digere, male moths were attracted to traps baited
with (E)-10-hexadecenal and (Z)-10-hexadecenal
at 9:1 in cardamom plantations (Chakravarthy and
Thyagaraj 1998 ).
The sex pheromone components of Cono-
gethes in Japan, Korea, China, and India show
variations (Table 3 ) (http://www.pherobase.com).
The host plant interactions also vary. ConogethesSource: http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-Z10-16Ald.php