Development, Characterization and Field Assessment of Multiple Insecticides ... 345
plots, farmers practice plots, and untreated con-
trol, respectively (Table 15 ).
Torre ( 2012 ) observed that simultaneous use
of biological and chemical control is one of the
most important goals of IPM, but has rarely been
achieved. One explanation for this failure may be
the limited number of evaluations of field popula-
tions of natural enemies for pesticide tolerance or
resistance. Earlier work done has suggested that
insecticide-tolerant natural enemies have proved
effective in sprayed as compared to laboratory-
bred populations. Jalali et al. (2006a) developed
an endosulfan tolerant strain of T. chilonis and re-
ported 55 % parasitism under sprayed condition
compared to less than 5 % by a susceptible strain.
Later on a multiple insecticides tolerant strain of
T. chilonis was evaluated against American boll-
worm, Helicoverpa armigera on cotton all over
India and proved efficacy of parasitoid under
sprayed situation (Jalali et al. 2006b). Ballal et al.
( 2009 ) evaluated an endosulfan tolerant strain of
T. chilonis against H. armigera cotton plants and
reported that tolerant strain in conjunction with
endosulfan spray resulted in significantly higher
pest mortality in comparison to the endosulfan
treatment or release of T. chilonis alone.
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