New Horizons in Insect Science Towards Sustainable Pest Management

386 B. V. Bhede et al.

Parasitisation of Pod Borer Larvae

The percentage of parasitized larvae was more in
IPM (3.63 %) than non-IPM (1.78 %). The range

of parasitized larvae was 1.50–8.60 % in IPM

and 1.00–5.00 % in non-IPM. The ichneumonids,

Eriborus argenteopilosus (Cameron) and Cam-

poletis chlorideae (Uchida), were major parasit-

oids recorded on H. armigera.

Economics

IPM fields recorded the highest yield compared to

non-IPM fields. The average yield was 10.18 q/

ha in IPM and 8.41 q/ha in non-IPM fields. The

insecticide sprayings required 3.83 in IPM fields

and 5.67 in non-IPM fields. The adoption of IPM

resulted in savings of ₹ 630/ha due to less cost of

insecticide sprayings in IPM. Also, the additional

profit of ₹ 7080/ha is recorded due to IPM. The

IPM crop increased the net profit by ₹ 7710/ha

(Table 4 ).

Table 4 Economics of IPM and non-IPM in pigeonpea
fields
Particulars IPM Non-IPM
Yield (q/ha) 10.18 8.41
Number of sprayings 3.83 5.67
Cost of spraying (₹/ha) 2320 2950
Net income (₹/ha) 40,720a 33,640
Increase in yield (q/ha) 1.77 –
Additional profit due to increase
in yield (₹/ha)

7080 –

Additional profit due to savings

of sprayings (₹/ha)

630 –

Net profit due to IPM (₹/ha) 7710 –

aPrice ₹ 4000/q

MW Duration Pod damage (%) No. of immature

stages of pod

fly (maggot and

pupa)/50 pods

IPM Non-IPM IPM Non-IPM

47 15−21 November 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

48 22−28 November 10 2.33 10.33 0.00 0.00

49 29 November 10−05 December10 5.66 15.33 0.00 0.00

50 06−12 December 10 10.33 23.33 0.66 4.33

51 13−19 December 10 11.66 33.33 2.33 15.66

52 20−26 December 10 13.66 35.66 6.33 18.33

1 27 December 10−02 January 11 10.33 32.66 5.66 17.66

Mean 7.71 21.52 2.14 7.99

Table 2 Pod damage due
to pod borer complex in
IPM and non-IPM fields

MW Duration No. of spiders/

plant

Parasitisation of pod

borer larvae (%)

IPM Non IPM IPM Non IPM

43 18−24 October 10 0.51 0.34 0.00 0.00

44 25−31 October 10 0.56 0.40 0.00 0.00

45 01−07 November 10 0.57 0.50 4.00 2.50

46 08−14 November 10 0.58 0.44 4.50 1.00

47 15−21 November 10 0.56 0.43 7.00 3.50

48 22−28 November 10 0.48 0.30 8.60 5.00

49 29 November 10−05 December 10 0.05 0.01 5.00 2.00

50 06−12 December 10 0.30 0.06 4.80 1.00

51 13−19 December 10 0.15 0.08 2.00 0.00

52 20−26 December 10 0.15 0.10 2.00 1.00

1 27 December 10−02 January 11 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.00

Mean 0.36 0.24 3.63 1.78

Table 3 Population of
natural enemies in IPM
and non-IPM fields