184 Obstetrics and Gynecology Board Review •••
❍ What are some of the causes of nonimmune hydrops?
Chromosomal abnormalities, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, cystic hygroma, cardiac anomalies, congenital
cystic adenomatoid malformation, congenital infection and hemoglobinopathies.
❍ Echogenic bowel is associated with?
Cystic fibrosis, abnormal karyotype, congenital infections, and fetal ingestion of bloody amniotic fluid.
❍ What type of defect is anencephaly?
It is an open neural tube defect and results from the failed fusion of the rostral neuropore. The recurrence risk 2%
to 3% and patient should receive 4 mg of folic acid supplementation prior to next pregnancy.