Zeiher AM, Goebel H, Schachinger V et al (1995) Tissue endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in
the active coronary atherosclerotic plaque. A clue to the mechanism of increased vasoreactiv-
ity of the culprit lesion in unstable angina. Circulation 91(4):941–947
Maeda S, Miyauchi T, Iemitsu M et al (2004) Resistance exercise training reduces plasma
endothelin-1 concentration in healthy young humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44(Suppl
1):S443–S446
Maeda S, Tanabe T, Miyauchi T et al (2003) Aerobic exercise training reduces plasma endo-
thelin- 1 concentration in older women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 95(1):336–341
Aqel NM, Ball RY, Waldmann H et al (1985) Identification of macrophages and smooth
muscle cells in human atherosclerosis using monoclonal antibodies. J Pathol 146(3):197–204
Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O et al (1986) Regional accumulations of T cells, macrophages,
and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis 6(2):131–138
Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Baron M, Bouhlel MA et al (2011) Human atherosclerotic plaque alter-
native macrophages display low cholesterol handling but high phagocytosis because of dis-
tinct activities of the PPARgamma and LXRalpha pathways. Circ Res 108(8):985–995
Martinez FO, Helming L, Gordon S (2009) Alternative activation of macrophages: an immu-
nologic functional perspective. Annu Rev Immunol 27:451–483
Colin S, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Staels B (2014) Macrophage phenotypes in atherosclerosis.
Immunol Rev 262(1):153–166
Hirata Y, Tabata M, Kurobe H et al (2011) Coronary atherosclerosis is associated with mac-
rophage polarization in epicardial adipose tissue. J Am Coll Cardiol 58(3):248–255
Mantovani A, Biswas SK, Galdiero MR et al (2013) Macrophage plasticity and polarization
in tissue repair and remodelling. J Pathol 229(2):176–185
Khallou-Laschet J, Varthaman A, Fornasa G et al (2010) Macrophage plasticity in experimen-
tal atherosclerosis. PLoS One 5(1):e8852
Lee SJ, Lee YS, Seo KW et al (2012) Homocysteine enhances MMP-9 production in murine
macrophages via ERK and Akt signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 260(1):89–94
Winchester LJ, Veeranki S, Givvimani S et al (2015) Homocysteine elicits an M1 phenotype
in murine macrophages through an EMMPRIN-mediated pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol
93(7):577–584
Yasmin MECM, Wallace S et al (2005) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2,
and serum elastase activity are associated with systolic hypertension and arterial stiffness.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25(2):372
Bescond A, Augier T, Chareyre C et al (1999) Influence of homocysteine on matrix metallo-
proteinase- 2: activation and activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 263(2):498–503
Pinto PR, Rocco DD, Okuda LS et al (2015) Aerobic exercise training enhances the in vivo
cholesterol trafficking from macrophages to the liver independently of changes in the expres-
sion of genes involved in lipid flux in macrophages and aorta. Lipids Health Dis 14:109
Kadoglou NP, Kostomitsopoulos N, Kapelouzou A et al (2011) Effects of exercise training
on the severity and composition of atherosclerotic plaque in apoE-deficient mice. J Vasc Res
48(4):347–356
Kadoglou NP, Moustardas P, Kapelouzou A et al (2013) The anti-inflammatory effects of
exercise training promote atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in apolipoprotein E knockout
mice with diabetic atherosclerosis. Eur J Histochem 57(1):e3
Moustardas P, Kadoglou NP, Katsimpoulas M et al (2013) The complementary effects of
atorvastatin and exercise treatment on the composition and stability of the atherosclerotic
plaques in ApoE knockout mice. PLoS One 9(9):e108240
Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E et al (2003) From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call
for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I. Circulation 108(14):1664–1672
Napoli C, Williams-Ignarro S, de Nigris F et al (2006) Physical training and metabolic
supplementation reduce spontaneous atherosclerotic plaque rupture and prolong survival in
hypercholesterolemic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(27):10479–10484
Pellegrin M, Miguet-Alfonsi C, Bouzourene K et al (2009) Long-term exercise stabilizes
atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE knockout mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41(12):2128–2135
