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hypertension not only in the brain, but also in peripheral tissues. Trained hyperten-
sive individuals show a normal autonomic balance, improved control of the circula-
tion and reduced both end-organ injuries and cardiovascular mortality.
References
- Deley G, Picard G, Taylor JA (2009) Arterial baroreflex control of cardiac vagal outflow in
older individuals can be enhanced by aerobic exercise training. Hypertension 53(5):826–832 - Chaar LJ, Alves TP, Batista Junior AM et al (2015) Early training-induced reduction of angio-
tensinogen in autonomic areas-the main effect of exercise on brain renin-angiotensin system
in hypertensive rats. PLoS One 10(9):e0137395 - Masson GS, Costa TS, Yshii L et al (2014) Time-dependent effects of training on cardiovas-
cular control in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role for brain oxidative stress and inflamma-
tion and baroreflex sensitivity. PLoS One 9(5):e94927
Fig. 16.1 Scheme depicting beneficial training-induced effects on brain and peripheral tissues.
Repetitive acute bouts of exercise (aerobic training) increases blood pressure (BP) and oxygen (O 2 )
consumption, activating arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. Increased afferent signaling
activates NTS barosensitive and chemosensitive neurons in the brainstem (BS), which project to
preganglionic parasympathetic and premotor sympathetic neurons within the BS, besides project-
ing to integrative areas within the hypothalamus (H) that continuously modulate primary BS inte-
gration of the afferent signaling. As a result, autonomic nerve system (ANS) firing pattern changes
increasing the parasympathetic and decreasing the sympathetic outflow to the periphery, therefore
correcting the autonomic deficits exhibited by spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Functional
and neurohormonal time course changes within the brain, heart, kidneys and vasculature during the
training protocol as well as the main cellular mechanisms conditioning the benefic responses
induced by aerobic exercise training are depicted in the bottom part of the figure
16 Experimental Evidences Supporting Training-Induced Benefits inflSpontaneously...