48
cTnI level in the peripheral blood is associated with exercise-induced myocardial
ischemia [ 46 ]. With the help of the latest imaging technology (myocardial perfusion
single-photon emission computed tomography), based on a total 819 patients with
suspected myocardial ischemia induced by exercise, the author concluded that the
exercise-induced myocardial ischemia significantly increased the hs-cTnI levels in
these patients diagnosed myocardial ischemia as compared with those patients with-
out myocardial ischemia conditions.
5 The Emerging Technologies— Influence Cannot
be Ignored
It is well accepted that the physical exercise is an effective, as well as economic
strategy to promote circulatory system health. Using biomarker to the accurate
quantitative assessment of the intensity and durability of physical activity, mean-
while, to evaluate the effects associated with the benefits to the heart is highly desir-
able. With the growth of technological advances in the field of biomedicine,
proteomics, as a powerful, cutting-edge subject that has enormous potential for
evaluating the conditions and status of human health as well as physical activity.
Below we summary some novel protein biomarkers’ application.
5.1 NT-proBNP—A Bidirectional Impact Protein
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is secreted by ventricular cardiomyocytes as a
proBNP hormone. Recent findings from transgenic animal models indicated that
overexpressing BNP have a fourfold increase [ 47 ] is associated with sharply adverse
risk of cardiovascular risk factors [ 48 , 49 ], cardiovascular disease (CVD) and heart
failure [ 50 , 51 ]. Using healthy controls, Aengevaeren et al. found the endurance
exercise (30–50 km/week)-induced changes in BNP concentrations in cardiovascu-
lar patients versus BNP [ 52 ].
However, there are still unanswered questions concerning BNP’s concentration incardiopulmonary exercise. An extremely important study, led by Smart et al., meta-
reviewed nine published studies (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,
Embase.com (1974-current), CINAHL (1981-current), conducted of Medline (Ovid)
(1950-July 2008), and Web of Science (2000-current)), they concluded that the exer-
cise training had a mean decrease BNP 79 pg/ml (95% CI: −141, −17 pg/ml), as
well as decrease NT-pro-BNP 621 pg/ml (95% CI: −844, −398 pg/ml) in patients
with left ventricular dysfunction [ 53 ]. Although the exact mechanism remains
unclear. These effects remind us that these biomarkers deserve further study.
L. Che and D. Li