Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment From Molecular to Clinical, Part 1

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support heart rate acceleration by the reduction of the APD. However, number of


calcium and electrophysiological remodeling remain controversial. Therefore it is


highly recommended to scrutinize each article (Table 5.1 and other feature ones)


with a particular attention on how the data are expressed and what were the training


protocols.


In conclusion, despite the clarifications needed to decipher healthy cardiomyo-

cyte remodeling evoked by chronic exercise, training beneficial effects are well


admitted. Cardiac cell plasticity ensure the cardiac adaptation to exercise training


and offers an interesting mean of action to counteract physiological disturbances


induced by cardiac pathologies.


References



  1. Natali AJ, Turner DL, Harrison SM et al (2001) Regional effects of voluntary exercise on cell
    size and contraction-frequency responses in rat cardiac myocytes. J Exp Biol 204(Pt 6):1191

  2. Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S, Litovsky SH et  al (1991) Heterogeneity within the ventricular
    wall. Electrophysiology and pharmacology of epicardial, endocardial, and M cells. Circ Res
    69(6):1427–1449

  3. Cazorla O, Le Guennec JY, White E (2000) Length-tension relationships of sub-epicardial
    and sub-endocardial single ventricular myocytes from rat and ferret hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol
    32(5):735–744

  4. Palmer BM, Thayer AM, Snyder SM et al (1998) Shortening and [Ca2+] dynamics of left
    ventricular myocytes isolated from exercise-trained rats. J Appl Physiol 85(6):2159–2168

  5. Mokelke EA, Palmer BM, Cheung JY et al (1997) Endurance training does not affect intrinsic
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  6. Carneiro-Junior MA, Primola-Gomes TN, Quintao-Junior JF et al (2013) Regional effects of
    low-intensity endurance training on structural and mechanical properties of rat ventricular
    myocytes. J Appl Physiol 115(1):107–115

  7. Kemi OJ, Haram PM, Wisloff U et al (2004) Aerobic fitness is associated with cardiomyocyte
    contractile capacity and endothelial function in exercise training and detraining. Circulation
    109(23):2897–2904

  8. Natali AJ, Wilson LA, Peckham M et al (2002) Different regional effects of voluntary exer -
    cise on the mechanical and electrical properties of rat ventricular myocytes. J Physiol 541(Pt
    3):863–875

  9. Guski H, Meerson FZ, Wassilew G (1981) Comparative study of ultrastructure and function of
    the rat heart hypertrophied by exercise or hypoxia. Exp Pathol 20(2):108–120

  10. Wisloff U, Loennechen JP, Falck G et al (2001) Increased contractility and calcium sensitivity
    in cardiac myocytes isolated from endurance trained rats. Cardiovasc Res 50(3):495–508

  11. Eisele JC, Schaefer IM, Randel Nyengaard J et al (2008) Effect of voluntary exercise on num-
    ber and volume of cardiomyocytes and their mitochondria in the mouse left ventricle. Basic
    Res Cardiol 103(1):12–21

  12. Nie J, George K, Duan F et al (2016) Histological evidence for reversible cardiomyocyte
    changes and serum cardiac troponin T elevation after exercise in rats. Physiological reports
    4(24):e13083

  13. Moore RL, Musch TI, Yelamarty RV et al (1993) Chronic exercise alters contractility and
    morphology of isolated rat cardiac myocytes. Am J Phys 264(5 Pt 1):C1180–C1189

  14. Kemi OJ, Hoydal MA, Macquaide N et al (2011) The effect of exercise training on transverse
    tubules in normal, remodeled, and reverse remodeled hearts. J Cell Physiol 226(9):2235–2243


5 Structural, Contractile and Electrophysiological Adaptations of Cardiomyocytes...

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