194
of the superior cerebellar peduncle identifies patients
with posterior fossa syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst.
2013;29(11):2071–7.
- Leksell L. Stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46(9):797–803. - Kihlström L, Karlsson B, Lindquist C. Gamma Knife
surgery for cerebral metastases. Implications for sur-
vival based on 16 years experience. Stereotact Funct
Neurosurg. 1993;61(Suppl. 1):45–50. - Kondziolka D, Martin JJ, Flickinger JC, Friedland
DM, Brufsky AM, Baar J, et al. Long-term survivors
after gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases.
Cancer. 2005;104(12):2784–91. - Niranjan A, Lunsford LD. Radiosurgery: where
we were, are, and may be in the third millennium.
Neurosurgery. 2000;46(3):531. - Sturm V, Kober B, Hover K-H, Schlegel W,
Boesecke R, Pastyr O, et al. Stereotactic percutane-
ous single dose irradiation of brain metastases with
a linear accelerator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
1987;13(2):279–82. - Lippitz B, Lindquist C, Paddick I, Peterson D,
O’Neill K, Beaney R. Stereotactic radiosurgery in the
treatment of brain metastases: the current evidence.
Cancer Treat Rev. 2014;40(1):48–59. - Muacevic A, Wowra B, Siefert A, Tonn J-C, Steiger
H-J, Kreth FW. Microsurgery plus whole brain irra-
diation versus gamma knife surgery alone for treat-
ment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized
controlled multicentre phase III trial. J Neuro-Oncol.
2008;87(3):299–307. - Rades D, Bohlen G, Pluemer A, Veninga T, Hanssens
P, Dunst J, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery alone ver-
sus resection plus whole-brain radiotherapy for 1 or
2 brain metastases in recursive partitioning analysis
class 1 and 2 patients. Cancer. 2007;109(12):2515–21. - Datta R, Jawahar A, Ampil FL, Shi R, Nanda A,
D'Agostino H. Survival in relation to radiotherapeutic
modality for brain metastasis: whole brain irradia-
tion vs. gamma knife radiosurgery. Am J Clin Oncol.
2004;27(4):420–4. - Aoyama H, Shirato H, Tago M, Nakagawa K, Toyoda
T, Hatano K, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus
whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosur-
gery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a random-
ized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(21):2483–91. - Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ,
Mohiuddin M, Kryscio RJ, et al. Postoperative
radiotherapy in the treatment of single metas-
tases to the brain: a randomized trial. JAMA.
1998;280(17):1485–9. - Schöggl A, Kitz K, Reddy M, Schneider B,
Dieckmann K, Ungersböck K. Defining the role of
stereotactic radiosurgery versus microsurgery in the
treatment of single brain metastases. Acta Neurochir.
2000;142(6):621–6.
- O’Neill BP, Iturria NJ, Link MJ, Pollock BE, Ballman
KV, O’Fallon JR. A comparison of surgical resection
and stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of soli-
tary brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
2003;55(5):1169–76. - Rades D, Kueter J-D, Veninga T, Gliemroth J, Schild
SE. Whole brain radiotherapy plus stereotactic radio-
surgery (WBRT+ SRS) versus surgery plus whole
brain radiotherapy (OP+ WBRT) for 1–3 brain metas-
tases: results of a matched pair analysis. Eur J Cancer.
2009;45(3):400–4. - Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR, Allen PK, Lang FF,
Kornguth DG, et al. Neurocognition in patients with
brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radio-
surgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised
controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(11):1037–44. - Brown PD, Jaeckle K, Ballman KV, Farace E, Cerhan
JH, Anderson SK, et al. Effect of radiosurgery alone
vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy
on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain
metastases: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA.
2016;316(4):401–9. - Mathieu D, Kondziolka D, Cooper PB, Flickinger JC,
Niranjan A, Agarwala S, et al. Gamma knife radiosur-
gery for malignant melanoma brain metastases. Clin
Neurosurg. 2007;54:241. - Brown W, Wu X, Fowler J, Garcia S, Fayad F, Amendola
B, et al. Lung metastases treated by CyberKnife (R)
image-guided robotic stereotactic radiosurgery at 41
months. South Med J. 2008;101(4):376–82. - Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the
next generation. Cell. 2011;144(5):646–74. - Demaria S, Formenti SC. Sensors of ioniz-
ing radiation effects on the immunological
microenvironment of cancer. Int J Radiat Biol.
2007;83(11–12):819–25. - Matsumura S, Demaria S. Up-regulation of the pro-
inflammatory chemokine CXCL16 is a common
response of tumor cells to ionizing radiation. Radiat
Res. 2010;173(4):418–25. - Lugade AA, Sorensen EW, Gerber SA, Moran
JP, Frelinger JG, Lord EM. Radiation-induced
IFN-γ production within the tumor microenviron-
ment influences antitumor immunity. J Immunol.
2008;180(5):3132–9. - Jensen RL. Brain tumor hypoxia: tumorigenesis,
angiogenesis, imaging, pseudoprogression, and as a
therapeutic target. J Neuro-Oncol. 2009;92(3):317–35. - Gaspar LE, Scott C, Murray K, Curran W. Validation
of the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA)
classification for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol
Biol Phys. 2000;47(4):1001–6.
B.D. Weaver and R.L. Jensen