222
Cerebral protection, 205–206
Cerebral revascularization, 92
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 49, 90, 97–99, 105, 147
Cervicomedullary junction, 210–211
Chondrosarcomas, 75, 77–81
axial and appendicular skeleton, 77
EEA, total resection, 77, 78
house cartilage, 77
hypointense/isointense, 79
nonsurgical management/observation, 79
notochord remnants, 79
radiologic investigation and preoperative planning,
79–80
recurrence-free survival, 79
skull base, 77, 79
slow-growing nature, 79
treatment goals, 79
Chordomas, 81
and chondrosarcomas, 77–81
Circumferential access, 70
Clival chordoma, 94
Clival meningiomas, 83, 89
Clivus, 12
Closure, 61
Combined petrosal approach
craniotomy, 60
patient positioning, 58
skin incision, 58
Combined presigmoid approach, 128, 129
Combined transpetrosal approaches, 95, 116, 117, 122
complications and avoidance, 99
indications and limitations, 98–99
surgical technique and nuances, 99
Complete transcondylar, 70
Computed tomography (CT), 79, 90
Computed tomography angiography (CTA), 82
Condylar emissary vein, 70
Condylar fossa, 68–69
Contralateral flexion, 66
Contralateral rotation, 66
Conventional angiography, 82
Cranial and extradural anatomy, 27, 28
Cranial nerves (CN), 3, 8, 11–15, 18, 135
palsy, 90
positioning, 82
Craniectomy, 147
Craniocervical junction, 135
Craniopharyngioma, 94
Craniotomy, 96, 147
Craniovertebral junction, 65, 70
CyberKnife, 190
D
Deficit-free survival, 89
Digital subtraction angiogram, 92
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 205
Dorsal medulla, 210–211
Dorsal midbrain, 209
Dorsal pons, 209
Dorsum sellae meningiomas, 84
3D reconstruction, 62
Dural opening techniques, 59, 155, 156E
Electrocautery, 68
Endolymphatic sac, 103
Endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA), 81
chordomas, 75–77
development, 75
extradural and intradural posterior fossa tumors, 75
meningiomas, 75, 78
microsurgical dissection, 75
posterior fossa tumors (see Posterior fossa tumors)
schwannomas, 75, 76
skull base approaches, 75
skull base reconstruction, 75, 84, 85
and surgical tools, 75
transnasal access, 76–77
Endoscopic endonasal route, 137
Endoscopic endonasal transclival approach, 76
Epidermoid cysts
brain MRI, 167
clinical presentation, 165, 166
complication avoidance, 169, 172
CPA, 167, 172
differential diagnosis, 166
imaging, 166
long-term follow-up, 173
malignant transformation, 173
PF, 172
recurrent cysts, 173
SRS, 173
surgical approach
abducens and trochlear nerves, 168, 169
asterion, 168
bone window, 169
dura, 168
hydrocephalus, 168
neuronavigation system, 168
outcomes, 172, 173
patient position, 168
Eustachian tube, 81, 150
External auditory canal (EAC), 18, 41
Extradural exposure, 68–72
bone removal, 68, 69
foramen magnum, 68, 69
paracondylar variants, 71, 72
suboccipital craniotomy, 68
supracondylar variants, 70–72
transcondylar variants, 69–70
Extradural posterior fossa tumors, 75
anterior approach, 80
anterolateral approach, 80
chondrosarcomas, 77, 80
chordomas, 77
cranio-cervical junction stabilization/fusion, 80
EEA role, 81
lateral approach, 80Index