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Table 1Main effects exerted by CgA-derived peptides on cardiac contractility and related pathwaysPeptideModelForce of contractionEndotheliumNO/cGMP/PKGCytoskeletonBasal conditionβ-adrenergic stimulationFull length CgAIsolated heartReductionRat (Pasqua et al.2013)NDYESRat (Pasqua et al.2013)YESRat (Pasqua et al.2013)NDVS-1Isolated heartReductionFrog (Corti et al.2002,2004; Mazza et al.2007)Eel (Imbrogno et al. 2004; Mazza et al.2007)Rat (Angelone et al. 2010, Cerra et al.2006,2008)ReductionFrog (Corti et al.2002,2004; Mazza et al.2007)Eel (Imbrogno et al. 2004; Mazza et al.2007)Rat (Angelone et al. 2010; Cerra et al.2006,2008)NOFrog (Corti et al.2002,2004)
YESEel (Imbrogno et al.2004)Rat (Angelone et al.2010;Cerra et al.2006,^2008)NOFrog (Corti et al.2002,2004)
YESEel (Imbrogno et al. 2004)
Rat (Angelone et al.2010;Cerra et al.2006,^2008)YESFrog (Mazza et al.2007)Eel (Mazza et al.2007)Rat (Angelone et al.2010)Papillary muscleReductionRat (Gallo et al.2007)ReductionRat (Gallo et al.2007)YESRat (Gallo et al.2007)YESRat (Gallo et al.2007)NDCSTIsolated heartReductionFrog (Mazza et al.2008)Eel (Imbrogno et al. 2010)
Rat (Angelone et al. 2008, 2012b)ReductionFrog (Mazza et al.2008)Eel (Imbrogno et al. 2010)
Rat (Angelone et al. 2008, 2012b)YESRat (Angelone et al. 2012b)YESFrog (Mazza et al.2008)Eel (Imbrogno et al. 2010)
Rat (Angelone et al.2008,2012b)NDPapillary muscleIncreaseRat (Bassino et al.2011)ReductionRat (Bassino et al.2011)YESRat (Bassino et al.2011)YESRat (Bassino et al.2011)NDChromofunginIsolated heartReductionRat (Filice et al.2015)NDNDYESRat (Filice et al.2015)NDSerpininIsolated heartIncreaseRat (Tota et al.2012)NDNDNDNDPapillary muscleIncreaseRat (Tota et al.2012)NDNDNDNDThe table summarizes the main effects exerted by CgA and its derived peptides VS-1, CST, Chromofungin and Serpinin on different cardiac experimental models, and the involvement of endothelial cells, NO/cGMP/PKG pathway and cytoskeleton in their action. The role for a particular mechanism is indicated by YES or NO;NDnot determinedG. Alloatti and M.P. Gallo