189Kaeffer N, Richard V, Thuillez C (1997) Delayed coronary endothelial protection 24 hours after
preconditioning: role of free radicals. Circulation 96(7):2311–2316
Kaur S, Jaggi AS, Singh N (2009) Molecular aspects of ischaemic postconditioning. Fundam Clin
Pharmacol 23:521–536
Kelly RF, Lamont KT, Somers S, Hacking D, Lacerda L, Thomas P et al (2010) Ethanolamine is a
novel STAT-3 dependent cardioprotective agent. Basic Res Cardiol 105:763–770
Kuno A, Solenkova NV, Solodushko V, Dost T, Liu Y, Yang X-M et al (2008) Infarct limitation
by a protein kinase G activator at reperfusion in rabbit hearts is dependent on sensitizing the
heart to A2b agonists by protein kinase C. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295:H1288–H1295
Lacerda L, Somers S, Opie LH, Lecour S (2009) Ischaemic postconditioning protects against
reperfusion injury via the SAFE pathway. Cardiovasc Res 84:201–208
Lecour S (2009) Activation of the protective survivor activating factor enhancement (SAFE) path-
way against reperfusion injury: does it go beyond the RISK pathway? J Mol Cell Cardiol
47:32–40
Lecour S, Suleman N, Deuchar GA, Somers S, Lacerda L, Huisamen B et al (2005) Pharmacological
preconditioning with tumor necrosis factor-alpha activates signal transducer and activator of
transcription-3 at reperfusion without involving classic prosurvival kinases (Akt and extracel-
lular signal-regulated kinase). Circulation 112:3911–3918
Lefer AM, Lefer DJ (1991) Endothelial dysfunction in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: role
of oxygen-derived free radicals. Basic Res Cardiol 86:109–116
Lefer AM, Lefer DJ (1996) The role of nitric oxide and cell adhesion molecules on the microcir-
culation in ischaemia-reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 32:743–751
Liao F, Zheng Y, Cai J, Fan J, Wang J, Yang J et al (2015) Catestatin attenuates endoplasmic reticu-
lum induced cell apoptosis by activation type 2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in cardiac
ischemia/reperfusion. Sci Rep 5:16590
Lim SY, Davidson SM, Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM (2007) Preconditioning and postconditioning:
the essential role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cardiovasc Res 75:530–535
Liu GS, Thornton J, Van Winkle DM, Stanley AW, Olsson RA, Downey JM (1991) Protection
against infarction afforded by preconditioning is mediated by A1 adenosine receptors in rabbit
heart. Circulation 84:350–356
Liu J, Yang D, Shi S, Lin L, Xiao M, Yuan Z et al (2014) Overexpression of vasostatin-1 protects
hypoxia/reoxygenation injuries in cardiomyocytes-endothelial cells transwell co-culture sys-
tem. Cell Biol Int 38:26–31
Ludman AJ, Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ (2010) Cardiac preconditioning for ischaemia: lost in
translation. Dis Model Mech 3:35–38
Ma LL, Zhang FJ, Kong FJ, Qian LB, Ma H, Wang JA et al (2013) Hypertrophied myocardium
is refractory to sevoflurane-induced protection with alteration of reperfusion injury salvage
kinase/glycogen synthase kinase 3β signals. Shock 40:217–221
Mahata SK (2004) Catestatin: the catecholamine release inhibitory peptide: a structural and func-
tional overview. Curr Med Chem Immun Endoc Metab Agents 4:221–234
Mahata SK, O’Connor DT, Mahata M, Yoo SH, Taupenot L, Wu H et al (1997) Novel autocrine
feedback control of catecholamine release. A discrete chromogranin a fragment is a noncom-
petitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist. J Clin Invest 100:1623–1633
Mahata SK, Mahata M, Parmer RJ, O’Connor DT (1999) Desensitization of catecholamine release.
The novel catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin (chromogranin a344-364) acts at
the receptor to prevent nicotinic cholinergic tolerance. J Biol Chem 274:2920–2928
Mahata SK, Mahata M, Wakade AR, O’Connor DT (2000) Primary structure and function of the
catecholamine release inhibitory peptide catestatin (chromogranin A (344-364)): identification
of amino acid residues crucial for activity. Mol Endocrinol 14:1525–1535
Mahata SK, Mahapatra NR, Mahata M, Wang TC, Kennedy BP, Ziegler MG et al (2003)
Catecholamine secretory vesicle stimulus-transcription coupling in vivo. Demonstration by a
novel transgenic promoter/photoprotein reporter and inhibition of secretion and transcription
by the chromogranin A fragment catestatin. J Biol Chem 278:32058–32067
Cardioprotection and Chromogranin A-Derived Peptides