Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis

© Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2018

J. Goldstein et al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis,

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6676-9_6

93

Image Formation

6

6.1 Image Construction by Scanning Action

6.2 Magnification

6.2.1 Magnification, Image Dimensions, and Scale Bars – 95

6.3 Making Dimensional Measurements With the SEM:

How Big Is That Feature? – 95

6.3.1 Calibrating the Image – 95

6.4 Image Defects

6.4.1 Projection Distortion (Foreshortening) – 98

6.4.2 Image Defocusing (Blurring) – 100

6.5 Making Measurements on Surfaces With Arbitrary

Topography: Stereomicroscopy – 102

6.5.1 Qualitative Stereomicroscopy – 103

6.5.2 Quantitative Stereomicroscopy – 107

References – 110