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E. Turkheimer and M. Waldron, “Nonshared Environment: A Th eoretical, Methodologi-
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L. C. Mayes and M. Lewis, Th e Cambridge Handbook of Environment in Human
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A. W. Heim, Th e Appraisal of Intelligence (London: Methen, 1954), 154.
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volvement and Student Academic Per for mance: A Multiple Mediational Analy sis,”
Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community 38 (July 2010): 183–197.
C. Koede and T. Techapaisarnjaroenkit, “Th e Relative Per for mance of Head Start,”
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L. F. Cofer, “Dynamic Views of Education,” in Human Development in the Twenty-
First Century, ed. A. Fogel et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008),
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See Every Student Succeeds Act, 2010, U.S. Department of Education, Washington,
D.C., www. ed. gov / esea; and U.S. Department of Education, “Equity of Opportunity,”
2016, Washington, D.C., www. ed. gov / equity.
U.S. Department of Education, “Th e Th reat of Educational Stagnation and Compla-
cency: Remarks of U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan at the release of the
2012 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA),” December 13, 2013,
Washington, D.C., www. ed. gov / news / speeches / threat - educational - stagnation - and
complacency.
Michael Gove’s Speech to the Policy Exchange on Free Schools, June 20, 2011, https://
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“Th e Tories and Scotland,” Herald (Glasgow), April 25, 2009.
B. Lott, “Th e Social Psy chol ogy of Class and Classism,” American Psychologist 67
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American Psychological Association, Report of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic
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A. Reuben, Gap Between Rich and Poor ‘Keeps Growing,’ ” BBC News, May 21, 2015,
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E. N. Wolff and M. Gittleman, “Inheritances and the Distribution of Wealth: Or,
What ever Happened to the Great Inheritance Boom?” Bureau of Labor Statistics,
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