248 Index
Steven’s Swellshark (Cephaloscyllium stevensi),
10–11
Stingray City (Cayman Islands), 74–75, 166, 200
stingrays: activity patterns, 99; age determina-
tion, 132; albino, 62; attacks, 175, 176, 184;
avoiding predators, 104, 105; barbs, 8, 16,
42, 59, 132, 175, 198, 225; brain, 52, 80; clas-
sification, 4, 228; Cobia and, 78; coloration,
59, 60; electric sensitivity, 40; enemies, 50,
76, 81, 101–3, 144, 163–64; eyes, 64; feeding,
135, 137, 142; fighting, 74–75; fishing, 193;
freshwater, 59, 91; habitats, 12, 13, 91, 95,
96; identification, 225; learning ability, 80;
legend and culture, 205, 207; ocean depth,
95; parasites, 109; parts used by humans,
198–99, 207; pets, 158, 159; reproduction,
116, 122, 123, 126, 127; resting on the bot-
tom, 41; seeing in captivity, 167; sixgill, 5; size,
16, 62; species, 10; tool use, 81; vision, 38
St. Joseph Chimaera (Callorhynchus capensis), 130
stomach eversion, 138–39
Stork, Charles Wharton, 219
Striped Rabbitfish (Hydrolagus matallanasi), 17
studying sharks, 1, 221–22; tagging, 45, 48, 72,
83, 87, 89, 99, 225–26
suction feeders, 12, 27, 59, 147–48, 171
survival: out of water, 47–48, 100; winter,
99–100
Swell Shark (Cephaloscyllium ventriosum), 39
swell sharks, 10, 11, 39, 54, 67, 107, 119, 150
swimming, 6–7, 23, 43–47; to avoid predators,
104–5; batoids, 45; breathing, 43; buoyancy,
7, 43–44, 45; chimaeras, 46; denticles, 41–42;
energy, 44–45; habitats, 12–13; migration,
84–90; navigation, 90–91; near surface,
34–35; olfactory cues, 34; punting, 46; rays,
6, 40, 45–46; sick sharks, 111; speed, 17–18,
43; at surface with dorsal fins sticking out,
12, 34, 69, 79; and tail, 44, 47; vertical move-
ments, 45, 88–90
Sydney Skate (Dipturus australis), 59
Tagging of Pacific Predators, 226
tagging sharks, 45, 48, 72, 83, 87, 89, 99, 225–26
tapetum lucidum, 37
Tasselled wobbegongs (Eucrossorhinus dasypo-
gon), 101
taste sense, 34, 141
Tawny Nurse Shark (Nebrius ferrugineus), 61
taxonomy, 3–4, 10, 224, 227–29
teeth, 25–32; anatomy, 19; changes over
lifetime, 25, 30–32; composition, 32, 42;
cultural uses, 207–9; as defense, 105–6; early
writings, 206; estimating size and species
from bite marks, 178–79; fossil, 13, 18–20,
198, 206, 208; functional, 29–30, 32; hinged,
32; interdental distance, 179; number, 29–30;
products made from, 198, 199 , 207–9;
replacement, 13, 14, 19, 29–30, 32; reproduc-
tion, 32; selachians vs. batoids, 7; types, 25;
vestigial, 28
television programs, 212–13
terminology, 1–2, 221
territoriality, 75–77
Thornback Ray (Raja clavata), 128
Thornback Skate, 223
Thorny Skate (Amblyraja radiata), 42, 88, 106,
120, 223
thresher sharks, 4, 10, 223, 227; age determina-
tion, 134; body temperature, 24; declining
numbers, 185, 186, 188; enemies, 103; feed-
ing, 81, 144–45, 156; fishing, 186, 193, 194;
habitat, 24; intelligence, 52; migration, 84;
ocean depth, 89; reproduction, 122; safety
of eating, 183; size, maturity, and longevity,
130; tail, 81, 144–45; vertical movements, 45
Tiger Catshark, 58
Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), 4, 10, 41, 137 ,
223; albino, 61; art, 217; association with
humans, 78; attacks, 172–73, 178, 211;
buoyancy, 45; cannibalism, 101; coloration,
56, 64, 65; cultural uses, 207–8; declin-
ing numbers, 188; enemies, 104; eyes, 64;
feeding, 90, 136–37, 145–46, 173; fishing,
194, 204; geographic diversity, 95; growth
rate, 133; maturity and longevity, 130; media
depictions, 210, 211; migration, 85, 89, 90;
reproduction, 114, 122; resting on the bot-
tom, 41; safety of eating, 183; seeing in the
wild, 166; size, 15, 130, 178; teeth, 25, 207–8;
tracking movements, 226
tonic immobility (TI), 83
tool use, 81–82
Tope (Galeorhinus galeus) (School Shark), 106,
122, 130; abundance, 97; age determination,
134; birth rate, 122; feeding, 102, 106, 137;
fishing, 186; migration, 85; schools, 70; sex
segregation, 128; size, maturity, and longev-
ity, 130; vertical movements, 89
torpedo rays, 4, 10, 206, 228; activity, 99, 150;
albino, 61; ambush predators, 146; attacks,
176; avoiding predators, 105, 176; electricity
generation, 40–41, 102, 105, 146, 160, 176;
enemies, 102; growth rate, 133; medicines,
160; parasites, 108; pectoral fins, 40, 45;
pets, 158; sharks eating, 102, 135; size, 130;
swimming, 45
touch sense, 38, 140–41
touch tanks, 167–68
toxins in sharks, 182–84, 193
Troll, Ray, 215, 217
tube-traps, 81–82
U.N. Agreement on the Conservation and
Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and
Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 195http://www.ebook3000.com