toad: 60, 136, 189, 239, 355–7; Cane (Rhinella marina [Bufo
marinus]), 189, 357; Leaf Litter (Rhaebo haematiticus), 60
tobacco: 188, 369
Tody: Cuban (Todus multicolor), 144; Puerto Rican (To d u s
mexicanus), 144
tomato: 102, 111
topaz: 276. Crimson (Topaza pella), 277–8. Ruby-, 276. See also
hummingbird
topography: 85, 114, 129, 243–5, 252
Torrid Zone: 14–20. 32, 388–9
toucan: 16, 23, 39, 48, 62, 100, 102, 113, 156, 159–60, 162,
170, 263, 273–5, 279; Chestnut-mandibled (Ramphastos
ambiguus swainsonii), 275; Keel-billed (Ramphastos
sulfuratus), 273–4; mountain- (Andigena spp.), 240, 275;
Toco (Ramphastos toco), 163, 272–3; Yellow-throated (or
Black-mandibled) (Ramphastos ambiguus), 62–3. See also
aracari; toucanet
toucanet: 16, 24, 62, 120, 163, 273–5; Crimson-rumped
(Aulacorhynchus haematopygus), 274; Emerald
(Aulacorhynchus prasinus), 120; Saffron (Pteroglossus
bailloni), 16; Spot-billed (Selenidera maculirostris), 274–5.
See also aracari; toucan
toxicity: 170, 186, 362
toxodon: 132–3
trade winds: 31–2, 34–6, 237, 318
trail etiquette: 69–70
Trail, P.: 164–5
trainbearer: 276. See also hummingbird
Tramer, E.: 136
transpiration: 29, 73, 82–3, 210, 230
trapliner/traplining: 66, 172–3, 279
tree line: 235, 245
Tree: Almendro (Dipteryx panamensis), 104; Brazil Nut
(Bertholletia excelsa), 43, 47–8, 370; Breadnut or ramon
(Brosimum alicastrum), 102, 366–7; California Redwood,
42; Cannonball (Couroupita guianensis), 46; Chicle
(Manilkara zapota), 44, 102, 191; Cochlospermum spp. 47;
coral (Erythrina spp.), 46, 371; Flamboyant (Delonix regia),
46; Gliricidia spp., 195, 371–2; Gumbo Limbo (Bursera
simaruba), 17; Hevea spruceana, 169; Inga, 139–40, 371–2,
386; Kapok or Silk-cotton (Ceiba pentandra), 46, 48, 110,
112, 134, 171; mahogany (Swietenia spp.), 49, 102, 379; Milk
(Brosimum utile), 47; Monkey Pot (Lecythis ampla), 47;
Morning-glory (Ipomoea arborescens), 46; Rubber (Hevea
brasiliensis), 111, 169, 191, 210; Stinking Toe (Hymenaea
courbaril), 48, 176, 191. See also cecropia; cypress; oak; pine
treehopper: 184, 189; Membracis bucktoni, 137
treehunter: 298
treerunner: 298
trees: boles of, 39, 52, 95; buttresses of, 42–3; canopy, 42, 47,
51–3, 88, 98, 101, 105, 157, 192, 371–2; emergent, 40–2,
100, 104, 106, 134, 171; falls of, 40, 51, 57, 62–3, 95–6, 100;
pioneer species of, 104–5; species richness of, 103, 119, 135,
213, 245, 379–80; stature of, 236, 245. See also leaf, root
Treeswift, Whiskered (Hemiprocne comata): 113
tribal warfare: 367–8tribe: Javari, 368; Nambikwara, 368; Xingu, 368; Yanomami,
368, 375
Trinidad: 19, 22, 128, 134, 159, 235, 243–5, 252
trogon (Trogoniformes): 48, 59, 158, 163, 268–70; Blue-
crowned (Trogon curucui), 158; Collared (Trogon collaris),
24; Gartered (Trogon caligatus), 269; Masked (Trogon
personatus), 269; Northern Violaceous, 269; Slaty-tailed
(Trogon massena), 59; Violaceous (Trogon violaceus) 269.
See also quetzal
Troupial, Venezuelan (Icterus icterus): 306. See also oriole
trumpeter: 263, 267; Gray-winged (Psophia crepitans), 267
tucotuco (Ctenomys spp.): 261
Tucuxi. See dolphin
turkey: 264; Ocellated (Meleagris ocellata), 156, 264, 267; Wild
(Meleagris gallopavo), 264
Turner, J. R. G.: 202
turtle: 219, 366–7, 370; Arran (Podocnemis expansa),
219; Matamata (Chelus fimbriata), 219; side-necked
(Pelomedusidae), 219; Stupendemys, 219; Yellow-bellied
Slider (Trachemys scripta), 17; Yellow-spotted River
(Podocnemis unifilis), 219
tyrant: Brown-backed Chat- (Ochthoeca fumicolor), 128; Cattle
(Machetornis rixosa), 127; chat- (Ochthoeca spp.) 129; Pied
Water- (Fluvicola picapiratic), 127; White-headed Marsh-
(Arundinicola leucocephala), 127. See also flycatcherU
uakari. See monkey
Uhl, C.: 87, 98, 103
ultisols: 85–6, 252
umbrellabird: 285–6; Bare-necked (Cephalopterus glabricollis),
286
upwelling: 35–6V
várzea: 86, 90, 130, 135, 169, 170, 209–10, 300, 323, 365–6, 368,
370
Veery (Catharus fuscescens): 317–8. See also thrush
velvetbreast: 276. See also hummingbird
Venezuela: 18–9, 39, 84, 87, 89, 93, 103, 105, 128, 141, 162,
205–7, 219, 235–7, 241, 244–5, 250, 252, 256–7, 381, 386.
See also llanos
Veracruz, Mexico: 18, 308, 380
viburnum: 40
vicariance. See isolation
Vicuña (Vicogna vicugna): 248
vine(s): 33, 39, 41, 48, 50–2, 55, 95–7, 100, 110, 113, 118, 157,
174, 192, 196–7, 237, 377; wourali, 374. See also liana;
passionflower
Virola spp.: 373, 375
virus: rabies, 123; yellow fever, 26; Zika, 389
Viscacha, Mountain (Lagidium peruanum): 248
voice: 60–1, 69, 120, 275, 286–7, 297
voodoo: 357
Voyage of the Beagle, The: 120, 261
vulture: 81, 221, 226, 248, 308, 312; Black (Coragypsindex index 431