224 Numbers
- Porter, “Medical Science and Human Science in the Enlightenment,” 57–60. In
a particularly intriguing exercise, Lester S. King tries to decipher what the term “scien-
tifi c medicine” meant to Benjamin Rush, who, as far as I know, never used the phrase;
see King, Transformations in American Medicine: From Benjamin Rush to William Osler
(Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 183; in a chapter devoted
to “Changing Aspects of Scientifi c Medicine, 1800–1850.” See also King, “Medicine
Seeks to Be ‘Scientifi c,’” Journal of the American Medical Association 241 (1983): 2469–74. - John Harley Warner and Janet A. Tighe, eds., Major Problems in the History of
American Medicine and Public Health (Boston: Houghton Miffl in, 2001), 196. - Rudolf Virchow, “Standpoints in Scientifi c Medicine,” trans. L. J. Rather, Bul-
letin of the History of Medicine 30 (1956): 437–39. In Rudolf Virchow: Doctor, Statesman,
Anthropologist (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953) Erwin H. Ackerknecht
refers to the organization as “the Verein fuer wisenschaftliche Medizin” (Society for Scien-
tifi c Medicine) (11). - Claude Bernard, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, trans.
Henry Copley Greene (New York: Macmillan, 1927), 2, 205. - E. D. Adrian, “The Scientifi c Approach to Medical Research,” in Lectures on the
Scientifi c Basis of Medicine, vol. 1: 1951–52 (London: Athlone Press, 1953), 14–15. - N. S. Davis, “An Address on the Nature of the Science and Art of Medicine,
and Their Relations to the Various Important Interests of the People,” Chicago Medical
Journal & Examiner 40 (1880): 453–54. - Lord Lister, “The Interdependence of Science and Medicine,” Scientifi c Monthly
25 (1927): 193–212 (an address given to the British Association for the Advancement
of Science in 1896). - Philip H. Pye- Smith, “Medicine as a Science and Medicine as an Art,” British
Medical Journal, August 4, 1900, 281. - Alexander Lambert, “The Adaptation of Pure Science to Medicine,” Journal of
the American Medical Association 42 (1904): 1669. - Bert Hansen, “America’s First Medical Breakthrough: How Popular Excitement
about a French Rabies Cure in 1885 Raised New Expectations for Medical Progress,”
American Historical Review 103 (1998): 373–418; Hansen, “New Images of a New
Medicine: Visual Evidence for the Widespread Popularity of Therapeutic Discoveries
in America after 1885,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 73 (1999): 629–78; see also
Dan W. Blumhagen, “The Doctor’s White Coat: The Image of the Physician in Modern
America,” Annals of Internal Medicine 90 (1979): 111–16. - Quoted in Frederic S. Lee, “The Relation of the Medical Sciences to Clinical
Medicine,” Journal of the American Medical Association 63 (1914): 2087. - Horst Oertel, “Science and Medicine,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 6
(1916): 207. - “The Scientifi c Physician,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 142 (1900): 701–2.
- Kenneth L. Ludmerer, Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of
the Century to the Era of Managed Care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 337.