250 Kline
- Andrey A. Potter, “Engineering Education,” Mechanical Engineering 52
(1930): 504. - William E. Wickenden, “The Social Sciences and Engineering Education,” Sci-
ence 87 (1938): 154. - Frank Jewett to Bush, June 5, 1945, quoted in Daniel Kevles, The Physicists: The
History of a Scientifi c Community in Modern America (New York: Knopf, 1977), 45. - For a criticism that this argument delegitimizes the rhetoric of American
engineers by focusing on social interests, and my defense of the argument, see Paul
Forman, “The Primacy of Science in Modernity, of Technology in Postmodernity, and
of Ideology in the History of Technology,” History and Technology 23 (2007): 1–152; and
Ronald Kline, “Forman’s Lament,” History and Technology 23 (2007): 160–66. - As is implied in Kline, “Construing ‘Technology’ as ‘Applied Science,’” 218.
- Schatzberg, “Technik Comes to America,” 509–11.
- For early artifactual uses, which seemed to have occurred fi rst in the social
sciences, see Charles Beard, introduction to The Idea of Progress, by J. B. Bury (1932;
New York: Dover, 1955), xxii, which comments on a narrow defi nition that includes
machines; and Read Bain, “Technology and State Government,” American Sociological
Review 2 (1937): 860–74. - R. S. Woodward, “Education and the Work of Today,” Science 18 (1903): 164.
For a similar usage by an engineer, see Henry P. Talbot, “The Engineering Graduate: His
Strengths and Weaknesses,” Science 33 (1911): 842. - A. H. Chamberlin, “The Function and Future of the Technical College,” Science
29 (1909): 725. - Raymond Bacon, “The Value of Research to Industry,” Science 40 (1914): 875.
- Paul Brockett, “Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Board [of the NRC],”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5, no. 3 (March 1919): 92; and “The
National Research Council,” Science 49 (1919): 459. - Alfred Flinn, “The Relation of the Technical Schools to Industrial Research,”
Science 54 (1921): 508. - Elihu Thomson, Elihu Thomson Eightieth Birthday Celebration at the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA: Technology Press, 1933), 80. Since “Tech-
nology” was also the nickname of MIT, this statement was probably a play on words,
as well. - Frank B. Jewett, “The Promise of Technology,” Science 99 (1944): 2, 3.
- Ernest O. Lawrence, “Science and Technology,” Science 86 (1937): 295; and
Thorstein Veblen, “The Place of Science in Modern Civilization,” American Journal of
Sociology 11 (1906): 597–98. On Veblen’s analysis of the relationship between science
and technology, the fi rst explicit one published in the United States, see Schatzberg,
“Technik Comes to America,” 503–4. - George K. Burgess, “The Scientifi c Work which Our Government is Carrying on
and Its Infl uence upon the Nation,” Science 19 (1924): 116. - John Q. Stewart, “An Astronomer Looks at the Modern Epoch,” Scientifi c
Monthly 44 (1937): 403. - Hugh S. Taylor, “The Organization, Direction and Support of Research in the
Physical Sciences,” Science 99 (1944): 250. - Schatzberg, “Technik Comes to America,” 504–7. On the social issues involving