Endophytes Crop Productivity and Protection Volume 2 (Sustainable Development and Biodiversity)

O

O

O

O

R 2

R 1

OH

O

OH

HO OH OH

(13)

R 1 : (CH 2 ) 4 CH 3

R 2 : (CH 2 ) 2 CH 3

(14)

R 1 : (CH 2 ) 2 CH 3

R 2 : (CH 2 ) 4 CH 3

CH 3

O

C

O

OH

O

O

H

C

CH 3

O

OH

O

O CH 3

O

O

H

CH 3

O

(15)

O

O

N

N

O

OH

O

OH

OCH 3

H

S 4

O

(16)

Apart from the antibiotic activities, endophytic fungi have been a potential

source of various other interesting behaviors. Nodulisporic acid A (17)is an

insecticidal fungal metabolite isolated from endophyticNodulisporiumsp. from the

Hawaiian plantBontia daphnoides. This compound has shown systemic efficacy

againstfleas by modulating an invertebrate-specific glutamate-gated ion channel

and has resulted in identifying a potent and effective oral agent for control offleas

and ticks in mammals (Ondeyka et al. 1997 ; Aly et al. 2011 ). Subglutinols A and B

(18, 19) are immunosuppressive compounds produced by endophytic fungus

Fusarium subglutinans, fromTripterygium wilfordii. Both compounds showed IC 50

value of 0.1μM in the mixed lymphocyte reaction assay (Lee et al. 1995 ). Pestacin

(20) and isopestacin (21) are two antioxidants secreted by an endophytic

P. microsporaisolated fromTimonius morobensisgrowing on the north coast of

Papua New Guinea (Strobel et al. 2002 ; Harper et al. 2003 ). A new alkaloid named

16 a-hydroxy-5 N-acetylardeemin (22), demonstrating acetylcholineesterase inhi-

bitory activity (EC 50 : 58.3μM), has been isolated from a fermented broth of

endophyticA. terreusfrom stems ofArtemisia annuacollected from the Zijin

Mountain in China (Ge et al. 2010 ).

9 Endophytic Fungi: A Remarkable Source... 199