bacterial vector, 294
humans, 313–315
organ production, 317
reproductive, 315
therapeutic, 315
vector, 294
vectors, 315–316
Cloning vector, 294
Closed system, 36
Co-dominant, 367
Codons, 252 , 263
nucleotide deletion, 287
nucleotide insertion, 287
RNA, 254
Coenzymes, 49 , 50
Coevolution, 412 , 413
Cofactors, 49
Coffee, physiological effects,
118–119inv
Cohen, Stanley, 294, 303
Cohesion species concept, 402
Cohort, 492
Collecting duct, 114
Collip, J.B., 121
Colonizers, 432
Commensalism, 489
Common ancestor, 420
Community, 431
climax, 432
ecological succession, 432
ecosystem, 433
pioneer species, 433
primary succession, 433
secondary succession, 433
Competition, 482
density-dependent factors, 483
exclusion principle, 483
interspecific, 483
intraspecific, 482
natural selection, 484
overlapping niches, 483
Competitive exclusion principle,
483
Competitive inhibition, 48
Complementary, 226
Complementary base pairings, 226
Computerized tomography, 142
Condensation, 26
Cones, 153
Congenital hypothyroidism, 178
Conjunctiva, 153
Conservative theory, 232
Continuity, 254
Continuous breeders, 192
Convention on Biological Diversity,
538
Convention on Climate Change, 538
Convergent evolution, 411
Coping mechanism, 104
Copy DNA, 305
Co-repressor, 276
Cornea, 153Corpus callosum, 143, 144
Corpus luteum, 199
Corstico-tropin releasing factors
(CRF), 185
Cortex, 113
Cortisol, 182, 185
Coupled reactions, 55
ATP, 55–57
Covalent bonds, 8 , 563
polar, 11
Cowper’s glands, 193
Creatine phosphate, 36
Creatinine, 112, 113
Crick, Francis, 216, 224–226, 232,
238, 252–254
Cryptic coloration, 395 , 396
Currie, Dr. Phillip, 352
Cushing’s syndrome, 186TL, 187
Cuvier, Georges, 340, 341, 348
Cyclic photophosphorylation, 86
Cytochrome c, 357
Cytochromes, 75
Cytosine, 27, 219
guanine, 221
thymine, 226
Cytotoxic T cells, 127DNA sequencing, 284
Darwin’s finches, 344, 345
Darwin, Charles, 340–349, 356, 364,
365, 372
Darwin, Erasmus, 346
de Rooy, Elaine, 51
Deamination, 81
Death, 473
Decomposers, 441
Deforestation, 526 , 532
Demographers, 505
Demographic transition, 505
human population, 507
Demography, 466
Dendrites, 140
neuron, 147
Density, 466
Density-dependent factors, 481
Density-independent factors, 481
Deoxyribonucleic acid, 219
Deoxyribose nucleic acid, 219
Descent with modification, 347
Desertification, 532
Diabetes, 121, 208
adult onset, 123
immune disorders, 123
juvenile, 123
Type 1, 122, 123, 181
Type 2, 122, 123, 181, 186
Diabetes insipidus, 176
Dialysis, 113
Dideoxynucleotides, 297
Differential reproductive success,
383
Differentiation, 132 , 312Diffusion, 115
Dinosaur-bird debate, 352ML
Diploid, 369
Direct repair, 291
Directionality, 226
Directional selection, 383
Disaccharide, 26
Dispersion, 466
population, 468
uniform, 468
Dispersive theory, 233
Disruptive selection, 384
Dissociation of water molecules, 21
Distal tubules, 114 , 116
Divergence, 398
Divergent evolution, 411
Diversifying selection, 384
Diversity, species, 336–337inv
DNA, 27, 113, 216, 219 , 252
across species, 221
analyzing, 296
antiparallel strands, 226
cell function, 220
chromosomes, 229
complementary strands, 226
composition, 227TL
conservative replication,
233–234
directionality, 226
dispersive replication, 233–234
elongation, 235–236
eukaryotes, 229–230
genetic changes, 284
H1 molecules, 230
heredity, 220
histone, 230
lagging strand, 236
leading strand, 236
nucleosomes, 230
nucleotide composition, 221
organization of, 228
physical structure, 227TL
plasmids, 229
polymerase, 234, 236
primer, 236
prokaryotes, 229
proofreading and correction,
238–239
reaction with water, 224
repetitive sequence, 246
replication, 232, 233–234,
236–237, 238–239inv
replication forks, 234, 235
replication machine, 239
semi-conservative replication,
233–234
sequencing, 297–299
sorting, 296
speed of replication, 235
structure of, 223, 224, 226,
238–239inv, 284
supercoiled, 229592 MHR • Index