evolution, 346
fitness, 338
life history, 497
selective pressures, 381
sexual selection, 385
situational, 338–339
stabilizing selection, 383
Near-sightedness, 156
Negative feedback loop, 110
homeostasis, 110
Negative gene regulation, 273
Nephric filtrate, 114 , 117,
118–119inv
Nephrons, 114 , 116
Nerves, 140
Nervous system, 136
homeostasis, 138
stress, 139
Neuroendocrine reflex, 175, 176
Neurolemma, 149
Neuron, 140 , 147
axon, 147
dendrites, 147
lysosomes, 147
mitochondria, 147
nucleus, 147
organelles, 147
ribosomes, 147
waves of depolarization, 147
Neurotransmitters, 147 , 150, 151,
175
Neutral atoms, 10
Neutralization, 23
Neutrons, 6
Neutrophils, 126
Nirenberg, Marshall, 254
Nitrogen cycle, 453, 454
Nitrogen fixation, 454
Nitrogenous, 219
Nobel Prize, 76, 121, 171, 563
Node of Ranvier, 149
Non-competitive inhibition, 48
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation,
87
Non-overlapping generations, 475
Non-polar covalent, 11, 563
Non-random mating, 382
Non-renewable resources, 524
Nonsense mutation, 287
Non-specific immunity, 125
Non-steroid hormones, 171
Noradrenaline, 151 , 169, 187
Norepinephrine, 151
Northern coniferous forest, 435
Nucleic acid hybridization, 304
Nucleic acids, 27 , 113
Nucleoid, 229
Nucleosomes, 230
Nucleotides, 219
Nucleus, 6
neuron, 147
Nutrition and cellular energy, 78
Occipital lobe, 145
Okazaki fragments, 236 , 237
Okazaki, Reiji, 236
Oligosaccharides, 53, 54
Oliver, George, 169
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. SeePGAP
Oogenesis, 557
Open system, 36
Operator, 273
Operon, 273
co-repression, 274
positive gene regulation, 274
Opportunistic life history, 497
Optical isomers, 15
Organ donors, 119
Organelles, neuron, 147
Organic, 14
Organic acid, 21
Organic bases, 21
Organisms
ecology, 431
environment, 430, 431
population, 431
Osmoreceptor cells, 176
Osmosis, 113, 115
Osteomalacia, 181
Osteoporosis, 172, 179
Ovaries, 168, 196
Overlapping generations, 475
Ovulation, 199
Oxidation, 24
Oxidative enzymes, 41 , 44
Oxidative phosphorylation, 75
Oxytocin, 111, 144, 176
Ozone, 525
low-atmosphere, 529
Ozone depletion, 527, 528Pacinian corpuscles, 158
Paleontology, 340
Pancreas, 120, 121, 168, 169, 181
PANs (peroxyacyl nitrates), 529
Pap test, 197
Parasitism, 488
Parasympathetic nervous system,
139
Parathyroid, 168, 177
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 177,
179 , 180
Parietal lobe, 145
Pathogens, 125
Pauling scale, 10
Pauling, Linus, 563
Pellagra, 50
Pelvis, 113
Penfield, Dr. Wilder, 142
Penicillin, 117
Penis, 193
PEP, 68
Peppered moth story, 334–336
population changes, 335TL
Peptide bonds, 27 , 559Periodic table, 567
Peripheral nervous system, 138
Perpetual resources, 523
PGA, 67
PGAL, 66
PGAP, 67
pH scale, 21
acids, 22–23inv
bases, 22–23inv
Phagocytosis, 126
Phenotype, 366
Phosphate, 15
Phosphoenolpyruvate. SeePEP
Phosphorus cycle, 454
Photochemical smog, 525, 529
Photolysis, 88
Photorespiration, 90
Photosynthesis, 37, 83 , 449
aerobic cellular respiration, 93
Calvin cycle, 89–90
cyclic electron pathway, 86
electron acceptor, 86
electron transport system, 86
non-cyclic electron pathway, 87
photosystems, 86
reaction centre, 86
stages of, 84
Photosynthetic pigments, 85ML
Photosynthetic unit, 86
Photosystem, 86
Phylogenetic tree, 357
Physical mutagen, 289
Physiological adaptation, 396
Physiological effects of coffee,
118–119inv
Phytoestrogens, 201ML
Pineal gland, 168, 181
Pioneer species, 433
Pituitary and hypothalamus, 117
Pituitary dwarfism, 174
Pituitary gland, 143, 168, 169, 172,
173
anterior lobe, 174
posterior lobe, 176
Plantibodies, 284
Plasmid, 229
Plato, 340
Point mutation, 286
Polar covalent bonds, 11 , 563
Polar molecule, 11
Polarity of molecules, 28TL
Pollutants, 525
Poly-A tail, 260
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
295 , 368
Polymers, 17
Polymorphic, 368
Polypeptides, 27 , 252, 559
polarity of, 28TL
Polyploidy, 404 , 405
Polyribosome, 268
Polysaccharide, 26 , 27Index • MHR 597