104
6.4.3 Other Brain Cancer Types
Ependymoma and medulloblastoma CSCs interact with ECs in matrigel cultures
and promote EC network formation (Calabrese et al. 2007 ). Upregulation of lam-
inin α2 has been detected in a distinct group of invasive and metastatic posterior
fossa ependymomas, linked to poor patient survival (Witt et al. 2011 ). Tumor peri-
vascular cells in medulloblastoma were resistant to radiation-induced damage
through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway (Hambardzumyan et al. 2008 ).
6.5 New Relevant Research Trends
There are three fields that are currently at the forefront of research but haven’t pro-
duced solid results, yet. Firstly, the regulation of NSCs by exosomes released in the
microenvironment by proximal cells (reviewed in Bátiz et al. ( 2016 ). Secondly, the
cross-talk between the immune system and NSCs, that was initially thought to be
one-way (immune cells to NSCs) (Pluchino et al. 2005 ), but seems to be bi-
directional (Cossetti et al. 2014 ; Pluchino and Cossetti 2013 ). Thirdly, the effects of
the gut microbiota to brain development and adult neurogenesis (Fung et al. 2017 ;
Heberden 2016 ; Heijtz et al. 2011 ).
Acknowledgements IK was supported by funding from Action Medical Research, UK (GN2291).
The authors would like to thank Ms. Kassandra- Danai Meri for providing the original image in
Fig. 6.1e.
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