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be intersected by as many as 200,000 parallel fibers (Braitenberg and Atwood
1958 ). Purkinje cell dysfunction (hereditary or acquired) leads to severe motor
discoordination.
2.2.2 Attempt to Generate Cerebellar Neurons from PSCs
The developmental complexity of the cerebellum, arising from the existence of the
influential isthmic organizer, the ordered cell migration from two different germinal
zones, and the specialized cell morphology and properties, has hampered establish-
ment of effective differentiation culture system.
Fig. 2.3 Histological organization of the cerebellum. (a) Sagittal section of adult mouse cerebel-
lum processed with fluorescent Nissl (red) and nuclear (blue) staining. (b) High-power view of the
mouse cerebellar cortex showing the layer structure. Purkinje cells are visualized with L7/PCP2
antibody (white) (Modified from Muguruma 2016 ). (c) Diagram of cerebellar cortical neural cir-
cuits. Purkinje cells extend elaborate flat dendrites into the molecular layer within a plane perpen-
dicular to the parallel fibers. ML molecular layer, PCL Purkinje cell layer, GL granule cell layer,
and WM white matter
K. Muguruma