PARASITOLOGY

Question 5.2 What are the innate mechanisms that protect the host from infections?

Question 5.3 What are the differences between an innate and an adaptive immune

system?

Question 5.4 What are the possible origins of the vertebrate immune system?

Question 5.5 What local changes occur once a pathogen has penetrated into the dermal

layers of the skin?

Question 5.6 Discuss the role of the cell adhesion molecules in inflammation.

Question 5.7 What are mast cells and what are their origins and functions?

Question 5.8 Describe the events that lead up to inflammation.

Question 5.9 What are inflammatory cytokines?

Question 5.10 Which cell types are involved in, and what function do they play, in

inflammation?

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Question 5.1 Which are the main primary and secondary organs that participate in the

immune response?

Question 5.2 What cells are found in the bone marrow and what are their functions?

Question 5.3 What is the fate of a monocyte once it migrates from the blood capillary

into the tissues?

Question 5.4 What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

Question 5.5 How does a digested fragment of pathogen (the antigen peptides) activate

a T cell?

Question 5.6 Describe the structure and function of: (a) the thymus; and (b) a typical

lymph node.

Question 5.7 Where is the spleen located and what are the main structural features of

the spleen?

Question 5.8 What are the functions of the spleen?

Question 5.9 Name the main types of leukocytes, their distinguishing characteristics and

their functions.

Question 5.10 Which of the leukocytes has a dominant role in an adaptive immune

response?

Question 5.11 What are mast cells and what is their role in an immune response?

Question 5.12 What is an antigen receptor and on which cells are they found?

Question 5.13 Explain how an adaptive immune response is initiated.

Question 5.14 What are costimulatory molecules and what are their origins and functions?

Question 5.15 What is the relationship between PAMPs, PRRs and co-stimulatory

molecules?

Question 5.16 Describe cytokines, with examples.

PARASITES AND T HELPER CELLS

Question 5.1 How many different T helper cell phenotypes have been identified?

Question 5.2 What cytokines are secreted by the T helper cells?

Question 5.3 What is the role of the T helper cells in mice infected with Leishmania major?

Question 5.4 Which T helper cell phenotype is normally dominant during helminth

infections?

Question 5.5 What T cells are involved in the formation of a Schistosoma mansoniegg

granuloma?

Question 5.6 Outline the activities of the various cytokines in relation to parasite

infections.

PARASITOLOGY