274 Ulrich Krohs
- With the given frequency of telephone calls that Simon assumes, Tempus loses on average twenty times as
much work as Hora per interruption. - Simon’s calculation is correct only if attaching the second to the fi rst part of an assembly counts as two
steps, not only one. This assumption holds if positioning a part—and not sticking it to another part—consumes
most of the time of an assembly step. - The exact number of steps depends on the number of 3-part modules, which are unavoidable in this example.
Minuta perhaps better redesigned his watch to contain 2-part modules only, ending up, e.g., with an arrangement
of 2^10 = 1,024 parts. This of course posed additional costs for the new design process. - This in no way means that the latter would have been a possible product of evolution. Relevant in evolution
are small differences among organisms with different but similar degrees of modularization, and this is never
likely to result in the simultaneous appearance of highly differently modularized but otherwise similar
organisms. - The abstract formal structure of a network, and “structure” is used in this sense in systems biology, is to be
understood as embracing both the physical structure of an entity and its dynamics. - Cf. Kitamura and Mizoguchi this volume, fi gure 12.1.
- The type-token relation is regarded as the weakest relation that introduces a norm suitable as a reference for
functionality (see McLaughlin this volume). - Type fi xation was of course brought about by evolution, but when applying the explication given here, only
the present state and not its evolutionary history needs to be taken into account. Consequently we need not ask
whether the component was type-fi xed in order to make the contribution to the capacity (see also Krohs 2008a).
So the explication is in accordance with evolutionary theory and any notion of evolutionary goal directedness
is absent. - See also Franssen’s discussion of the concept (this volume).
- This demand holds also if only such F+S-modules are counted as modules proper, as is often proposed or
presupposed by authors focusing on evolutionary modules (e.g., Brandon 2005; Schlosser 2005; Garciá 2007).
In this case, F- and S-modules may be regarded as systems-biological theoretical terms. F+S-modules are dis-
cussed in section 15.7. - As a consequence of these structural peculiarities, many authors feel that the cycle needs to be emphasized
in depictions of the metabolic network in order to make it visually discernable as a substructure (e.g., Alberts et
al. 2002: 69).
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