140 / Notes to Pages 100–101
stopanimaltests.com/pdfs/2005-09-01_LetterUSDAAnimalsafterKatrina.pdf;
and http://stopanimaltests.com/pdfs/2005-09-15_LetterUSDA_LSU_HurricaneKatrina.
pdf. PETA’s letter to Mike Leavitt, dated September 15, 2005, is posted at http://
stopanimaltests.com/pdf/91505LetterLeavitt_LSU_Katrina.pdf. PETA’s letter
to LSU chancellor John Rock, dated September 16, 2005, is posted at http://
stopanimaltests.com/pdf/91605Letter%20to%20Chancellor_LSU_re%20Katrina.
pdf. For PETA’s letter to LSU chancellor John Rock, dated September 16, 2005,
see http://stopanimaltests.com/pdf/91605Letter%20to%20ChancellorLSU
re%20Katrina.pdf.
- Offi ce of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW), Offi ce of Extramu-
ral Research, “Guidance on Prompt Reporting to OLAW under the PHS [Pub-
lic Health Service] Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,”
http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-fi les/NOT-OD-05-034.html. - Gluck and Kubacki, “Animals in Biomedical Research,” 160.
- LaFollette and Shanks, Brute Science, chap. 1.
- Analysis by McKinlay and McKinlay indicates that the “introduc-
tion of specifi c medical measures & expansion of services account for only a
fraction of the decline in mortality since 1900.” “The Questionable Contribu-
tion of Medical Measures,” 405. See also McKinlay, McKinlay, and Beaglehole,
“Review of the Evidence.” - Kieswer, “PCRM Urges Texas Medical Center.” See also the PCRM
news release, dated June 15, 2001, urging the NIH and the Texas Medical Cen-
ter not to replace the drowned animals: Physicians Oppose Replacing Drowned
Animals in Texas Labs, http://www.pcrm.org/news/issues010615.html. - LaFollette and Shanks, Brute Science, chaps. 2, 16; Pound et al.,
“Where Is the Evidence?” - Roberts et al., “Does Animal Experimentation Inform Human Health-
care?” - Hackam and Redelmeier, “Translation of Research Evidence.” See also
Perel et al., “Comparison of Treatment Effects,” which reports that “discor-
dance between animal and human studies may be due to bias or to the failure
of animal models to mimic clinical disease adequately” (197). - Vioxx, a Cox-2 drug (such drugs target the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme
involved in infl ammation and associated pain), was associated with more
deaths than any medication to that point—and more Americans died from
taking it than died in the Vietnam War. Another cox-2 drug, Bextra, was also
withdrawn when it was shown to produce excess deaths in surgical patients,
and another, Celebrex, has never been withdrawn, but it received a black-box
warning in 2005 regarding the risks for cardiovascular thrombosis and gas-
trointestinal bleeding. It is the only cox-2 drug currently approved by the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration.