Traditional Management Th eory Th rust Forward 111
- Doctrines of service provision (how organized and managed)
a. Direct governmental service
b. Contracting out
c. Privatization - Doctrines of service provision (citizen or client choices)
a. Compel both costs and benefi ts
b. Allow choices of either costs or benefi ts - Doctrines of specialization
a. By characteristics of work
b. By characteristics of clientele
c. By location
d. By process
e. By purpose - Doctrines of control
a. By input—budget, staff size
b. By process
c. By competition
d. By standards of professional practice
e. By outputs
f. By outcomes
g. By direct political control
h. By direct administrative control - Doctrines of discretion
a. By law and regulation
b. By professional latitude
c. By deregulation
d. By risk taking - Doctrines of employment
a. Selected and promoted by merit
b. Selected by representation of groups
c. Selected by technical skills
d. Selected by administration skills
e. Selected by cultural skills - Doctrines of leadership
a. Direct political leadership
b. Direct administrative leadership