312 The Environmental Debate
South America). There is also some questionable evidence of humans living in South America as
early as 50,000 years ago, but how these people came to the Americas is unknown.- At the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, it was estimated that the Indian population of the
West was about 225,000 and that of the Great Plains was about 150,000. It seems reasonable to
assume that, as a result of disease and warfare, the population had decreased by about one-third
since the first contact between Europeans and Native Americans. - See Yoshiro Matsuoka et al., “A Single Domestication for Maize Shown by Multiclocus Microsatel-
lite Genotyping,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, No. 9 (April 30, 2002),
pp. 6080-84. - See St. Francis of Assisi, “The Song of Brother Sun and of All Creatures,” in St. Francis of Assisi:
His Life and Writing as Recorded by His Contemporaries, trans. Leo Sherley-Price (New York:
Harper, 1960), pp. 161-62. - Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant, 8th ed., Vol. 1, (Lexington, MA:
Heath, 1987), p. 7. One of the earliest evaluations of the environmental impact of the European
exploration and colonization of the Americas is to be found in Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian
Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972). - “These old lands” was land that had been used by the Indians. It is believed that Squanto, who had
been taken to England some years earlier and then returned to America on the ship with Smith and
the Pilgrims, had learned about using fish for fertilizer during his stay in England. - Quoted in Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, P.L. 92-532, in United States
Statutes at Large, Vol. 86 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 4236. - John Reinhold Forster, Preface to Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, trans. by John Reinhold
Forster, Vol. 1 (Warrington, England: William Eyres, 1772), pp. v-vi. - Beowulf, trans. Howell D. Chickering, Jr. (Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday, 1977), p. 55.
- http://www.AmPhilSoc.Org.
Part II
- Richard A. Bartlett, The New Country: A Social History of the American Frontier, 1776-1890
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 239 states that John Quincy Adams “was the first
President to manifest any real interest in conservation and was ahead of his time in comprehen-
sion of the problem.” Actually, as a thrifty, prudent New Englander and former secretary of state,
Adams understood shipbuilding prerogatives and was simply being realistic about the needs of the
navy and the New England fishing industry. He considered it foolish to waste or to permit any other
nation to usurp the United States’ natural resources.
Part III
- M. King Hubbert, “Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels” Shell Development Company Publication
No. 95 (Houston: Shell Development Company, Exploration and Production Research Division,
1956), p. 5. - J .J. Cosgrove, History of Sanitation (Pittsburgh: Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co., 1909), p. 87.
- See “Croton Aqueduct” and “Water,” in Kenneth T. Jackson, ed., The Encyclopedia of New York
City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), pp. 300-301, 1244-45.