56 The Environmental Debate
that all these questions, as indeed is obvious in
respect to most of them, must be answered in
the affirmative, in the same manner as with the
lower animals....
The Bodily Structure of Man. — It is noto-
rious that man is constructed on the same gen-
eral type or model as other mammals. All the
bones in his skeleton can be compared with cor-
responding bones in a monkey, bat, or seal. So
it is with his muscles, nerves, blood-vessels, and
internal viscera. The brain, the most important
of all the organs, follows the same law, as shown
by [Thomas Henry] Huxley and other anato-
mists.
Source: Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and
Selections in Relation to Sex (New York: A. L. Burt, n.d.;
reprinted from the 2nd English ed. rev.), pp. 5-6.like so many other animals, has given rise to
varieties and sub-races, differing but slightly
from each other, or to races differing so much
that they must be classed as doubtful species?
How are such races distributed over the world;
and how, when crossed, do they react on each
other in the first and succeeding generations?
And so with many other points.
The inquirer would next come to the impor-
tant point, whether man tends to increase at so
rapid a rate, as to lead to occasional severe strug-
gles for existence; and consequently to beneficial
variations, whether in body or mind, being pre-
served, and injurious ones eliminated. Do the
races or species of men, whichever term may be
applied, encroach on and replace one another,
so that some finally become extinct? We shall see
Document 50: Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872)
Scouts and trappers who ventured into the Yellowstone River basin in the early nineteenth century spread stories
about beautiful waterfalls, splendid canyons, and spectacular geysers to be found near the headwaters of the
Yellowstone and Madison Rivers. In 1870 an expedition led by General Henry Washburne, the surveyor-general
of Montana, and Lieutenant Gustavus Doane set out to confirm the truth of these tales. When the Washburne-
Doane expedition returned, two members of the group, Cornelius Hedges and Nathaniel Langford, spread the
word about the natural wonders of this wild region and generated interest in turning the area into a park that
could be enjoyed by the general public.^6 In 1872 President Ulysses S. Grant signed legislation setting aside two
million acres of federal land, primarily in north-western Wyoming, as a park. This marked the first time that any
central government in the world had designated an area of public land as a permanent park.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the tract of land in
the Territories of Montana and Wyoming, lying
near the head-waters of the Yellowstone river,
and described as follows, to wit, commencing
at the junction of Gardiner’s river with the Yel-
lowstone river, and running east to the meridian
passing ten miles to the eastward of the most
eastern point of Yellowstone lake; thence south
along said meridian to the parallel of latitude
passing ten miles south of the most southern
point of Yellowstone lake; thence west along
said parallel to the meridian passing fifteen miles
west of the most western point of Madison lake;
thence north along said meridian to the latitude
of the junction of the Yellow-stone and Gardin-
er’s rivers; thence east to the place of beginning,
is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settle-
ment, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the
United States, and dedicated and set apart as a
public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit
and enjoyment of the people; and all persons
who shall locate or settle upon or occupy the
same, or any part thereof, except as hereinafter
provided, shall be considered trespassers and
removed therefrom.
Sec. 2. That said public park shall be under
the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Inte-
rior, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable,