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Fig. 10.3. Diagram of connections among the hippocampal components. See preceding
figure for anatomical locations.
Table 10.1. Types of Memory According to Content
A. Declarative (explicit; requires conscious learning and recall; hippocampus-
dependent)
- Episodic: With time/place reference (specific incidents)
- Semantic: Without time/place reference (general facts)
- Mixed: Many memories are a mixture of both. Biographical self depends on
episodic memory for accuracy, but it also has semantic components.
B. Non-declarative (implicit; procedural; skill acquisition; learning may or may
not need conscious effort; retrieval may be subconscious or minimally conscious;
hippocampus-independent) - Associative: Depends on correlation between two stimuli: conditioned stimulus (CS)
and unconditioned stimulus (US). Prime example is simple classical conditioning
of Pavlov. Operant conditioning (Skinner Box) is a variant in which conscious
participation is needed. - Non-associative: Priming; motor training or skill acquisition (e.g. riding a bicycle);
habituation; sensitization or desensitization.
Note: “Priming” is a type of learning in which a prior single exposure to a stimulus facilitates
subsequent learning with respect to the same stimulus. It works at the perceptual level. (See
Note 46.) A standard way to test “priming” is to provide a subject with a certain nonsense word.
Subsequent presentation of a panel of nonsense words will show that the subject is more likely to
pick up the one he has been exposed to.